July 2017 - searchfortruth.info

What Propels Sexual Homicide Offenders? Testing an Integrated Theory of Social Learning and Routine Activities Theories

February 19, 2019July 31, 2017 by admin

ABSTRACT

Sexual homicide is a rare occurrence. Little is known about the offending perspective of sexual homicide from a criminological standpoint. Recently, Chan, Heide, and Beauregard (2011) proposed an integrative theoretical framework using concepts and propositions of Social Learning Theory (differential association, definitions, differential reinforcement or punishment, and imitation) and Routine Activities Theory (a motivated offender, an attractive and suitable target, and the absence of a capable guardian or guardianship) to elucidate the sexual homicide offending dynamics. According to this integrative model, the individual-level view of the sexual murderers is explained by the social learning principles, while the offending process is complemented by the routine activities propositions from amicro-level to provide a better explained sexual homicide offending model. However, this model has yet to be tested empirically. In addition to testing the Chan et al.’s model, this study proposes and tests an alternative model by incorporating the construct of pre-crime precipitators to better explain the motivating factor of an

Exploring the Difference Between Male and Female Intimate Partner

December 29, 2018July 31, 2017 by admin

This research examines the role of situational factors in differentiating between maleand female-perpetrated intimate partner homicide. Applying concepts from Luckenbill’s theory of homicide as a situated transaction, an intimate partner homicide is seen as an amorphous event where the role of offender and victim emerge during the transaction. When adopting this framework, it is possible to treat the sex of the offender as a dependent variable and examine situational factors that may differentiate between male and female intimate partner homicide offenders. The data used in this analysis come from the lethal sample of the Chicago Women’s Health Risk Study, 1995 to 1998. These data consist of records for 85 heterosexual intimate homicide incidents that occurred in Chicago in 1995 and 1996. Logistic regression analyses indicate that the presence of a prehomicide injury and whether the offender used a knife differentiate between male and female offenders. Implications for future research are discussed.

The differences between male and female criminal involvement are well documented...

Forensic Interpretation Of Injuries | Wounds Found On The Human Body

February 10, 2019July 31, 2017 by admin

Abstract

Penetrating injuries of the body are most commonly the result of injury/wounds and are often associated with a range of potentially life threatening injuries. In every physical assault, no matter it led to death or not, the attacker had produced/left different types of marks in the victim's body that could be helpful to reconstruct the crime scene and guide to determine the cause of death. In the present study, we have demonstrated some examples of injuries/wounds found of the victim's body with illustrative photos. These provide a proper and useful data for the forensic crime scene investigators.

INTRODUCTION

An injury is define as any harm, whatever illegally caused to any person in body, mind, reputation or property as per Indian Panel Code (Sec. 44). In forensic science, the injuries/wounds are produced by physical violence, which break of the natural continuity of any of the tissues of the living body [1]. Different types of injuries are summarized in

Why Are Union Members Murdered in Colombia?

February 12, 2019July 31, 2017 by admin

A careful analysis of available rulings by Colombian judges shows substantial inaccuracies in public documentation of cases, and undermines Colombian government claims that trade unionists in Colombia are not killed for trade union activity. The following information is based off of the court documents for 22 cases heard by the three special ILO judges in 2007. (While there were 29 distinct cases for 2007, viewing each victim or group of victims as a single case, the Colombian government did not provide the court documents in 7 cases.)

When Leonidas Gomez, leader of the bank workers’ union, was murdered in March 2008, Maria Isabel Nieto, Vice Minister of Justice, suggested during a televised interview that it may have simply been a “crime of passion,” rather than targeted political violence. Representatives of the Colombian government make such statements frequently, casting doubt on the legitimacy of claims that trade union violence in Colombia is targeted, not random. Editorialists have picked up the “random violence theory,” insinuating that thee

Murder by Design: The Evolution of Homicide

February 11, 2019July 31, 2017 by admin

Homicide is a widely studied phenomenon using various units of analysis, research designs, statistical approaches, and diverse data sources. From the extant literature on this topic, numerous findings emerge that assist in our statistical understanding of homicidal behavior. In particular, one of the most frequent sources of information on homicides is drawn from the Federal Bureau of Investigation’s (FBI’s) Uniform Crime Reporting Program, which collates and reports Supplementary Homicide Reports (SHRs) from more than 18,000 police agencies annually. As one of the most widely available sources of data, this information often forms the basis for a great deal of what is known about homicide. For example, the most recent Crime in the United States shows that the rate of homicide has declined in recent years to the current rate of 5.6 per 100,000 inhabitants (FBI, 2003). In addition, this publication depicts the demographic composition of homicides in the United States by reporting that homicide victims are...

Why Homicide Clearance Rates Decrease: Evidence From The Caribbean

February 11, 2019July 31, 2017 by admin

Introduction

Homicide clearance rates are often used as a yardstick for measuring overall police performance. Investigations constitute only a small share of what the police do, but homicide clearance rates often serve as a proxy for police performance for two reasons. First, most people would agree that murder is the most serious type of crime, and therefore solving murder cases is among the most important of police functions. Bringing a murderer to justice quenches the public’s thirst for the police to do something about violent crime. Second, homicides are the most reliably reported crime. Measurement error in official police data on other crime types is often so severe that it is difficult to know whether increases or decreases represent true changes in crime or are simply an artefact of reporting or recording practices (Hoffman 1971, Nadel 1978, Poggio et al. 1985, Cordner 1989, Alpert and Moore 1993, Riedel and Jarvis 1998). Although homicide clearances are sometimes conceptually ambiguous,.

Psychology of Homicide Unit IV

December 29, 2018July 31, 2017 by admin

Computed across a lifespan of 75 years, there is a 1 in 200 chance that an individual in the United States will be murdered. The frequency of homicide and this startlingly high statistic warrant more concerted efforts to research the psychological underpinnings motivating homicide. The history of the study of the psychology of homicide is replete with theoretical shifts—some of which have led to empirical dead ends and others to tremendous advances. Explaining the motivations of a murderer historically has been a difficult task for psychologists because of the wide array of individual, situational, and cultural variables influencing the development of homicidal behavior. Recent psychological research includes both theoretical and methodological advances that have allowed for new, unprecedented insights into the psychology of homicide.

Theoretical Perspectives on Homicide

Several theories have been developed over the brief history of psychology seeking explanations of the patterns of homicide. These theories have followed larger movements within psychology. Movements have proceeded from individualistic explanations

Additional Resource: Homicide Psychology

Following Blood Trails: A Sar Perspective

February 10, 2019July 31, 2017 by admin

Blood Trails, DNA, and O. J.

Since 1985, with Alec Jeffrey's discovery of the uniqueness of portions of the DNA structure of certain genes, investigations involving blood have taken an entirely new turn. While the ultimate goal of the analysis of proteins and enzymes was to individualize blood, that's pretty much established with DNA technology. Within a year of the discovery, DNA typing was being put to the test in criminal cases. It not only cleared one man who had confessed to a crime, but also led to the conviction of the actual killer in the same crime. DNA can narrow down suspects in a hurry, but it's not foolproof. It can be challenged in court on the basis of sloppy evidence collection and the corruption of samples during testing. That was the tactic that O. J. Simpson's defense team used to win for him an acquittal in his double murder trial. Just how did they manage to accomplish this?

Additional Resource: Blood Trails, DNA, and O. J. (2236 downloads )

Cracking the Cold Case: The Anatomy and Deconstruction of Unsolved Crimes

February 10, 2019July 31, 2017 by admin

Abstract

Popularized by the media and trendy television programs, the topic of “cold case investigation” has become ubiquitous. By examining unsolved cases and investigating detective processes, a compilation of information is gathered to analyze, reexamine and recreate crimes in an effort to solve them. This research aims to examine the procedures and anatomy of unsolved cases while reviewing the current cold case management tactics used by local and national law enforcement officials. Through academic literature, eight law enforcement staff interviews, governmental publications and the author’s documented first-hand investigative experience, this thesis also suggests recommendations for all cold case investigative personnel in their future case investigations. Though the media has worked for and against creating an accurate depiction of cold case investigation, using determined volunteers or decks of playing cards could offer unique techniques to investigators that now may have more tools to use than they realized.

Part I: Introduction and Definitions

For centuries, law enforcement agencies have used

Examining Attributes of Homicides

February 10, 2019July 31, 2017 by admin

Homicide is a widely studied phenomenon using various units of anal-ysis, research designs, statistical approaches, and diverse datasources. From the extant literature on this topic, numerous findings emerge that assist in our statistical understanding of homicidal behavior. In particular, one of the most frequent sources of information on homicides is drawn from the Federal e u r I Bureau of Investigation’s (FBI’s) Uniform Crime Reporting Program, which collates and reports Supplementary Homicide Reports (SHRs) from more than 18,000 police agencies annually. As one of the most widely available sources of data, this information often forms the basis for a great deal of what is known about homicide. For example, the most recent Crime in the United States shows that the rate of homicide has declined in recent years to the current rate of 5.6 per 100,000 inhabitants (FBI, 2003). In addition, this publication depicts the demographic composition of homicides in the United States by

Murder

January 2, 2019July 31, 2017 by admin

MURDER:

Most murder are between people who know each other 75-90%
Look for closest relatives, acquaintances first concentric circles
Means/Motive/Opportunity
Means: Does the suspect actually have the ability to have commit the crime…ex. .38
-------Motive: Does the suspect have a reason to commit murder?
---------Opportunity: Did the client have time to commit the crime?
---------Alibi
Person who finds body as suspect

PROFILING THE SCENE:

What sorts of things can the scene tell you?
Disorganized vs. organized
How messy is the scene
How long did the perp remain at the scene
How purposeful were the actions of the perp
Was a weapon taken to, or used from on-scene
Does the scene match witness testimony cutting of phone lines inside the house robbers who go straight for hidden loot lack of valuables taken
Blood spray evidence

CONDITION OF THE BODY:

Failing to cover body indicates disrespect
Insertion of object into vagina or anus indicates desire to humiliate or rage may indicate perceived wrong covering of face indicates guilt

Chloroform

December 30, 2018July 31, 2017 by admin

What is chloroform?

Chloroform, also called trichloromethane or methyltrichloride, is a colorless liquid with a pleasant, nonirritating odor and a slightly sweet taste. As a volatile organic compound (VOC), chloroform easily vaporizes (turns into a gas) in the air. Chloroform does not easily burn, but it will burn when it reaches very high temperatures. Chloroform was one of the first inhaled anesthetics to be used during surgery, but it is not used in anesthesia today.

Where do you find chloroform?

In order to destroy the harmful bacteria found in our drinking water and waste waters, the chemical chlorine is added to these water sources. As a by-product of adding chlorine to our drinking and waste waters, small amounts of chloroform are formed. So small amounts of chloroform are likely to be found almost everywhere. In industry, nearly all the chloroform made in the U.S. is used to make other chemicals. From the factories that make or use this

Crime Scene Staging: An Exploratory Study of the Frequency and Characteristics of Sexual Posing in Homicides

December 30, 2018July 31, 2017 by admin

Abstract

Crime scene staging and sexual posing and/or positioning of a body in a crime scene are recognized homicide investigation phenomena. Even though staging and sexual posing might misdirect an investigation if unrecognized, there are no reliable data on the frequency of occurrences. The results of a survey administered to 46 trained homicide investigators indicated that while staging may be frequently observed at crime scenes, sexual posing occurs infrequently. Of an estimated 44,541 homicide investigations, respondents indicated that sexual posing was present in less than 1% of the cases (n = 428). Results also indicated that most often sexual posing, in contrast to crime scene staging, was typically not carried out to mislead, but the offenders' motivation was more often based on a psychological need for sexual fantasizing or to satisfy anger at the victim. Homicide case examples are presented and discussed to elaborate on the characteristics of sexually-posed crime scenes The scene of a homicide is the most important criminal

The Analysis of the Crime Scene

February 9, 2019July 31, 2017 by admin

Obviously, some crimes are more appropriate for profiling than others. We have listed these crimes in Chapter 1: sadistic torture +In sexual assault, evisceration, postmortem slashing and cutting, motiveless fire setting, lust and mutilation murder, and rape (stranger rape, not date or acquaintance rape). Such crimes as check forgery, bank robbery, and kidnapping, in contrast, are usually not appropriate candidates for profiling, nor are “smoking gun” or “dripping knife” murders. In this chapter we focus on those crimes to which the process of profiling is directly applicable.

BEYOND THE PHYSICAL EVIDENCE

Perhaps one of the most difficult things for investigators to accept is the need to look beyond the physical evidence. Homicide detectives are generally trained to reconstruct a crime based on the physical evidence found at the scene, such as blood spatters, fingerprints, and semen. This kind of evidence is often mistakenly thought to hold the key to the successful resolution of any criminal case.

Female Stalkers and Their Victims

February 9, 2019July 31, 2017 by admin

Female criminality is rarely studied and little understood. Although the crime of stalking is receiving a growing amount of research attention, the 15 to 20 percent of stalkers who are women are usually subsumed by the larger proportion of male stalkers in all research designs. Gender differences among stalkers have been studied only once, in an Australian community forensic mental health clinic. Purcell et al. found that male stalkers in that study out numbered females by a ratio of four to one. Similarities were more frequent than differences in most demographic, clinical, and forensic variables. The females were significantly less likely to have a history of criminal offenses, violent criminal offenses, or substance abuse diagnoses. They were significantly less likely than men to stalk a stranger, but more likely to pursue a prior professional contact, motivated by “a desire to establish a close and loving intimacy with the victim” (Ref. 7, p 2058).

Are You Lying to Me? Using Nonverbal Cues to Detect Deception

February 9, 2019July 31, 2017 by admin

Abstract

The present study was designed to investigate the relationship between response latency, speech rate accommodation, and judgments of deception. Participants listened to a recorded conversation between Jim and Claire, a dating couple. The conversation contained 32 question/answer pairs, with each speaker responding to 16 questions. Half of the responses were self-oriented (benefiting the self), and half were other-oriented (benefiting someone else). Each response was manipulated in terms of response latency and speech rate accommodation. Participants rated each response as either honest or deceitful, as well as confidence in their judgments and seriousness of each lie. Results showed that response latency was generally weighted more heavily than speech rate accommodation as a cue to deception. Early and on-time latencies were viewed as truthful, while late latencies were viewed as deceitful. In addition, several significant differences emerged as a function of type of lie (self- vs. other-oriented), gender of speaker, and gender of participants. Results are discussed in terms of cognitive models, /stereotypes.