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Clinical Longitudinal Standards For Height, Weight, Height Velocity, Weight Velocity, And Stages Of Puberty

February 10, 2019July 28, 2017 by admin

Growth standards based only on cross-sectional survey data are different in form from standards which represent individual longitudinal curves of growth. The two are not interchangeable over the ages at which the adolescent growth spurt may occur, that is from about 7 years onwards in girls and 9 years onwards in boys. The difference is particularly marked in standards for growth velocity. The longitudinal-type standards are those which should be used in following the individual child, whether in the paediatric or adolescent clinic or as a routine monitoring procedure in healthy children. The cross-sectional values are the appropriate ones to use in making comparisons between population groups each studied only in cross-sectional surveys. They give misleading assessments for children followed individually due to the distortion introduced by some children having their adolescent growth spurt early and others late. Mixed longitudinal and cross-sectional data require a more sophisticated combination of these two approaches (Tanner, 1951). pproaches (Tanner, 1951). When we first introduced longitudinal-type standards for clinical use...

State Standards Charts for Assisted Treatment Civil Commitment Criteria and Initiation Procedures by State

February 12, 2019July 28, 2017 by admin

Introduction

This document contains critical state-by-state information about civil commitment laws and criteria for inpatient and outpatient treatment, emergency hospitalization for psychiatric evaluation, and initiating proceedings for court-ordered intervention in a mental health emergency. Each chart may also be found as an individual document under LEGAL RESOURCES on the Treatment Advocacy Center site. While we hope you find this document helpful, please note that the charts summarize only the most crucial provisions of the pertinent statutes for each state. This information does not constitute legal advice and should not be relied upon as a substitute for seeking legal counsel.

Assisted Psychiatric Treatment
Inpatient and Outpatient Standards by State
The following chart captures the most essential information about the laws for inpatient and outpatient assisted treatment in each state court ordered treatment for symptoms of severe mental illness. Please note that while this chart contains much of each standard’s actual language, it summarizes only the most crucial provisions

The Coroner and the Common Law

February 10, 2019July 28, 2017 by admin

ONE OF THE STATUTES of the State of California (Section 27491 of the California Government Code) declares, "It shall be the duty of the coroner to investigate, or cause to be investigated, the cause of death of any person reported to the coroner as having been killed by violence, or who has suddenly died under such circumstances as to afford a reasonable ground to suspect that his death has been occasioned by the act of another by criminal means, or who has committed suicide." In addition to this basic statement, there is much more to this section of the California Government Code. It establishes the manner in which the investigations may be conducted, and it outlines the powers of the coroner in the effective pursuit of his duties. Together with similar sections of the codes of the several counties, it further authorizes and defines the coroner's official activities. While this codification of the duties of the coroner is relatively new in California,* the office itself and...

Wrist and Ankle Restraints

February 11, 2019July 28, 2017 by admin

Usually, binding objects such as handcuffs, legcuffs, ropes, chains, straps or straitjackets are used for this purpose. Alternatively different kinds of arm locks deriving from unarmed combat methods or martial arts are frequently used to restrain a person, which are predominantly used by trained police or correctional officers. This less commonly also extends to joint locks and pinning techniques.

The freedom of movement in terms of locomotion is usually limited, by locking a person into an enclosed space, such as a prison cell and by chaining or binding someone to a heavy or immobile object. This effect can also be achieved by seizing and withholding specific items of clothing, that are normally used for protection against common adversities of the environment. Examples can be protective clothing against temperature, forcing the individual to remain in a sheltered spot. A practice employed in countries including Zimbabwe[1] is to take away a prisoner's shoes, forcing them to remain barefoot. The freedom of movement...

Additional Resource: Physical Restraint

Bondage 101

January 16, 2019July 28, 2017 by admin

An example of rope bondage at BoundCon, Germany, 2008

Rope used in erotic bondage is usually soft to avoid chafing the skin, and easy to twist and straighten

Rope can be used for keeping a subject fully secured.

A playful, less restrictive form of rope bondage is a common magic trick at cabaret performances Rope bondage, also referred to as rope play, kinbaku, shibari, Fesselspiele, is bondage involving the use of rope to restrict movement, wrap, suspend, or restrain a person, as part of BDSM activities.

History
One popular form of rope bondage technique derives from the erotic Japanese bondage art form of shibari, which was in turn developed from the now-defunct Japanese military restraint technique of hojōjutsu. An important part of rope bondage is the rope dress, which is not of itself a form of restraint, but may be used either by itself as an adornment, or as a basis for restraining bondage.

Additional Resource: Rope Bondage

Liability Aspects of BDSM Clubs and Presenters

February 10, 2019July 28, 2017 by admin

The relationship between BDSM and the law changes significantly from nation to nation. It is entirely dependent on the legal situation in individual countries whether the practice of BDSM has any criminal relevance or legal consequences. Criminalization of consensually implemented BDSM practices is usually not with explicit reference to BDSM, but results from the fact that such behavior as spanking or cuffing someone could be considered a breach of personal rights, which in principle constitutes a criminal offense. In Germany, Netherlands, Japan and Scandinavia, such behavior is legal in principle. In Austria the legal status is not clear, while in Switzerland some BDSM practices can be considered criminal. Spectacular incidents like the US scandal of People v. Jovanovic and the British Operation Spanner demonstrate the degree to which difficult grey areas can pose a problem for the individuals and authorities involved. It is very important to learn the legal status of the right of consent in the judicial statue of the country of resident for the practitioners of BDSM.

The relationship between BDSM and the law changes significantly from nation to nation. It is entirely dependent on the legal situation in individual countries whether the practice of BDSM has any criminal relevance or legal consequences. Criminalization of consensually implemented BDSM practices is usually not with explicit reference to BDSM, but results from the fact that such behavior as spanking or cuffing someone could be considered a breach of personal rights, which in principle constitutes a criminal offense. In Germany, Netherlands, Japan and Scandinavia, such behavior is legal in principle. In Austria the legal status is not clear, while in Switzerland some BDSM practices can be considered criminal. Spectacular incidents like the US scandal of People v. Jovanovic and the British Operation Spanner demonstrate the degree to which difficult grey areas can pose a problem for the individuals and authorities involved. It is very important to learn the legal status of the right of consent in the judicial statue of the country of resident for the practitioners of BDSM.

Additional Resource: BDSM and the Law

Look For Bodies Of Drowned People On The Bottom And Get A Notice To Mariners Out —Warning Reading Words May Make You Sick

January 3, 2019July 28, 2017 by admin

Last year we had a local backpacker freeze to death. They’d likely be alive today if they had brought a Satellite Messenger & activated its emergency signal (by the time they were reported missing and the search crews went out, they had frozen to death overnight). Of course, there are many other good reasons to carry a Satellite Messenger. With newer, 2-way Satellite Messengers you can get interactive help like medical advice (assessment & treatment), other information like helicopter landing sites, best evacuation routes, etc. In fact, you may get enough information to help yourself and not even need a rescue—the best possible outcome.

The older inReach SE is highly capable & a deal for only $250

Updated 2018

The the unit I use, the older but still highly capable (Amazon’s choice) DeLorme inReach SE, is still available for only $250 on Amazon. This is $150 less than the new Garmin inReach SE+. The older DeLorme inReach SE is the unit I continue to use each

Additional Resource: Best Satellite Messenger inReach vs SPOT?

Evaporated Liquid Nitrogen-Induced Asphyxia: A Case Report

February 10, 2019July 28, 2017 by admin

INTRODUCTION

Nitrogen gas (N2), as a major inert gas of the atmosphere, is liquefied to liquid nitrogen (LN2) on cooling to -196℃ and easily vaporizes at room temperature. Known to be harmless with the exception of potential frostbite injury, LN2 is widely used in laboratories and in industry for freezing, filling, or cleaning purposes (1, 2). The few reported cases of accidental harm from LN2 (3-5) were caused by careless management, which may have involved sudden LN2 evaporation leading to oxygen depletion in limited spaces. However, those reports (3-5) did not reveal indisputable evidence of the cause of asphyxia even though they included complete autopsies, toxicological analysis, and blood gas analysis. In this case report, a postgraduate student was found dead in an underground dry area where a cylinder of LN2 had been disposed. By a complete autopsy, we analyzed the atmosphere gas of the dry area through a reconstruction of the accidental scene in order to help define the cause of death.

The Autopsy Lexicon

February 10, 2019July 28, 2017 by admin

● Context. Although standard autopsy texts and other publications discuss the general content of autopsy reports, and some provide examples of autopsy report formats, no publication to date has recommended specific headings for autopsy report organization. The College of American Pathologists Autopsy Committee decided it would be helpful to provide suggestions for autopsy report headings to foster more standardized autopsy reporting, to facilitate review of reports by third parties, and to facilitate searches of electronically stored autopsy reports
. Objectives. To create a model document (named the Autopsy Lexicon), which defines standard categories of information that are useful to include in autopsy reports; to offer specific wording for the headings of various sections of the report; and to explain the rationale for including the various items of information and headings.
Participants and Methods. The members of the Autopsy Committee of the College of American Pathologists prepared the document by reviewing various examples of autopsy report formats, identifying specific categories of information usually contained in such reports, and developing

Body Posing in Homicides

January 27, 2019July 28, 2017 by admin

Crime scene staging and sexual posing and/or positioning of a body in a crime scene are recognized dynamics in homicide investigation. Staging might misdirect an investigation if unrecognized.

A careful and intelligently guided examination of the crime scene and of the forensically analyzable evidence found there gives direction to and often determines the success or failure of an investigation. It is clear, however, that some crime scenes are difficult to evaluate when the victim’s body and perhaps other elements of the scene have been deliberately manipulated.

A number of authors have defined staging as the purposeful alteration of a crime scene in an attempt to mislead investigators and to frustrate the criminal justice process. An example would be making a homicide appear to be a suicide. Staging does not refer to efforts taken by a surviving family member or other loved ones to cover or dress a victim in order to avoid embarrassment.

In death investigations, surviving family members and loved ones experience extreme...

Media Consumption And Public Attitudes Toward Crime And Justice: The Relationship Between Fear Of Crime, Punitive Attitudes, And Perceived Police Effectiveness

January 3, 2019July 28, 2017 by admin

ABSTRACT

Public knowledge of crime and justice is largely derived from the media. This paper examines the influence of media consumption on fear of crime, punitive attitudes and perceived police effectiveness. This research contributes to the literature by expanding knowledge on the relationship between fear of crime and media consumption. This study also contributes to limited research on the media’s influence on punitive attitudes, while providing a much-needed analysis of the relationship between media consumption and satisfaction with the police. Employing OLS regression, the results indicate that respondents who are regular viewers of crime drama are more likely to fear crime. However, the relationship is weak. Furthermore, the results indicate that gender, education, income, age, perceived neighborhood problems and police effectiveness are statistically related to fear of crime. In addition, fear of crime, income, marital status, race, and education are statistically related to punitive attitudes. Finally, age, fear of crime, race, and perceived neighborhood problems are statistically related to perceived police effectiveness....

Bias in Psychiatric Diagnosis

February 10, 2019July 28, 2017 by admin

The word “name-calling” provokes negative associations, but the term “diagnostic labeling” has an aura of scientific precision, objectivity, and professionalism that lends it tremendous power. Language confers power (Miller and Swift 1977), and that power is “not distributed equitably across the social hierarchy” (Hare-Mustin and Marecek 1997, 106), a fact that has had tremendous impact on those who have sought mental health services. Diagnosis of physical problems has often been extremely useful, and in principle, psychiatric diagnosis can be helpful, too (e.g., Emily J. Caplan, chapter 5 in this volume). Unfortunately, psychiatric labeling has been conceived of and applied in extremely biased ways and is surprisingly unwarranted by scientific research, and thus it can result in serious harm (P. Caplan 1995). As Hare-Mustin and Marecek note: “a diagnostic label . . . has a profound influence on what we think of people so labeled and how they think about themselves” (1997, 105). In addition, diagnostic labels often create problems with employers and the...

Forensic Toxicology: Detection Of Homicidal Poisonings

February 22, 2019July 28, 2017 by admin

Those at highest risk for being victims of poisoning are the terminally ill and mentally incapacitated, drug addicts, the elderly, and the very young. Unwanted spouses or lovers compose another high-risk group. The offender is usually personally involved with the victim and is often a caregiver. Poisoners often assume the role of attempting to "nurse" the victim back to health. Poisoners often derive pleasure from seeing their victims suffer, and serial poisoners usually enjoy the thrill of having power over the life and suffering of the victim. Perpetrators of homicidal poisonings are often employed in the medical or caregiving fields. Substances that can be lethal in small amounts appeal most to perpetrators. The ideal poison for a homicide is odorless, tasteless, difficult to detect, and a bearer of symptoms similar to naturally occurring diseases. It has become increasingly difficult to find a poison with all of these features, since modern....

Additional Resource: Just a Pinch of Cyanide: The Basics of Homicidal Poisoning Investigations

Journal of Experimental Psychology

November 9, 2018July 28, 2017 by admin

Dogs which had 1st learned to panel press in a harness in order to escape shock subsequently showed normal acquisition of escape/avoidance behavior in a shuttle box. In contrast, yoked, inescapable shock in the harness produced profound interference with subsequent escape responding in the shuttle box. Initial experience with escape in the shuttle box led to enhanced panel pressing during inescapable shock in the harness and prevented interference with later responding in the shuttle box. Inescapable shock in the harness and failure to escape in the shuttle box produced interference with escape responding after a 7-day rest. These results were interpreted as supporting a learned "helplessness" explanation of interference with escape responding: Ss failed to escape shock in the shuttle box following inescapable shock in the harness because they had learned that shock termination was independent of responding.

Overmier and Seligman (1967) have shown that the prior exposure of dogs

The Effect of Various Coverings on the Rate of Human Decomposition

February 7, 2019July 27, 2017 by admin

Abstract

A multitude of factors can affect the decomposition process, increasing or decreasing its rate. Some of the most frequently observed variables are temperature, moisture, insect activity, and sun or shade exposure. Coverings can impact the decomposition process, and are found frequently in forensic cases. In a survey of New Mexico cases, Komar (2003) reported that sixteen individuals were found wrapped in plastic, and twenty were noted as wrapped in a cloth or blanket. In a survey conducted of eighty-seven cases, fifty-four of the bodies were wrapped in some type of covering. Plastic was most common, but a variety was noted, including rugs, sleeping bags, and blankets, (Manhein, 1997). In order to document how coverings affect early decomposition an experiment was designed to mimic a forensic setting. Three human cadavers were used in each of two repetitions of this experiment. Two of the cadavers were covered, one in plastic tarp......

The Varieties of Homicide and Its Research Proceedings of the 1999 Meeting

November 9, 2018July 27, 2017 by admin

ABSTRACT

Any scholar attempting to trace historic trends in homicide must grapple with the issue of missing data, some of which are yet to be uncovered, but others of which have disappeared forever. This paper shows the utility of multi-source “capture-recapture” (or “dual enumeration”) methods for estimating the number of unrecorded murders, using newspaper and archives data for the state of South Carolina, 1877-1878. Results are dramatic. In comparison with the capture-recapture estimate of total homicides, at least 58% of the state’s murders for the 2 years are not to be found in the South Carolina State Department of Archives and History; the major newspaper of the state missed at least 30%; and the combined sources missed at least 20%. Clearly, any historical trend study based on the 2 sources alone would face a formidable under count problem. The 19th century Southern culture and social structure, and the ruralness of the state,...