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Force Science News #144: “Excessive” Shots and Falling Assailants: A fresh look at OIS Subtleties

November 30, 2018September 23, 2017 by admin

A new look at why officers often fire controversial “extra” shots after a threat has ended has been published by an independent shooting reconstructionist and certified Force Science analyst.

Researcher Alexander Jason reports that even under benign experimental conditions brain programming compels roughly 7 out of 10 officers to keep discharging rounds after being signaled to stop shooting. “In a real gunfight, under extraordinary stress and threat of death, an even much higher percentage would likely deliver extra shots,” Jason asserts.

On average, additional findings show, officers may “reasonably” fire 6 rounds or more into suspects who initially are standing and then begin falling and who, in fact, may already be mortally wounded. And that’s 6 rounds per officer involved in the confrontation.

“Understanding why this occurs can be critical in shooting investigations and in criminal proceedings and civil lawsuits that allege excessive force by officers for firing ‘too many’ shots,” says Dr. Bill Lewinski...

Manufacturing Evidence For Trial: The Prejudicial Implications Of Videotaped Crime Scene Reenactments.

November 30, 2018September 23, 2017 by admin

INTRODUCTION

When the Mitchell brothers partied, they partied hard. The brothers, Artie and Jim, were renowned for their pornographic film and theater empire.(1) Although the Mitchells were notorious for their carousing together, Jim had become increasingly distraught over his brother's drug and alcohol habit, worried that it was threatening their extensive business dealings.(2) Thus, when porn-king Artic Mitchell's bullet-ridden body was found in the bedroom of his California home, it came as little surprise to those who knew them that Artie's older brother Jim was arrested near Artie's home while trying to draw a concealed rifle on the responding officer.(3)

The events that actually transpired inside the Mitchell house that night remain a mystery. Jim claimed that the killing was accidental(4) and that he could not recall any of the events surrounding the shooting.(5) Armed with circumstantial evidence, ballistics reports, and the opinions of the Mitchells' friends, prosecutors set out to...

SCENT K9’s Reason for Being

February 20, 2019September 23, 2017 by admin

INTRODUCTION

It is common knowledge dogs can follow a scent trail undetectable to humans. However, a problem arises when we try to bring this information before a court of law. Courts should not accept evidence that may be based upon unreliable information. We must be able to describe the dog’s ability in specific factual terms to be acceptable. At a minimum, every handler must qualify as an expert witness in the use of his or her dog, otherwise tracking evidence testimony will inadmissible. Beyond courtroom purposes it is helpful to understand what the dog does when managing scent or odor. The dog is unable to tell us what he or she perceives so we are left to examine whatever evidence we find. The goal of this class is to help you understand and apply the evidence. Thoughtful application of this material will improve your training and handling. Understanding the dog’s ability, and what scent is,...

Theory Of Scent – The K9 Olfactory System

November 30, 2018September 23, 2017 by admin

Under ideal conditions, a track footprints) across a nice grassy field with a sufficient delay in time to allow bacteria reaction on the soil causing a good odor is probably the best type of track to have. The problem, however, is how to keep this track from being contaminated by another human beings track—particularly in the city with its large population. Don’t misunderstand, it is important that your canine understand and be able to discern “vegetative scent” along with the more important human (raft) scent, but only as a back up or affirmation of the sometimes elusive raft scent you wish him to follow. As mentioned before, a true trailing canine will use both types of scent, depending upon the conditions in existence at the time. He may be following a raft scent until he comes to a roadway where he suddenly loses it. Tn searching for the rafts he...

The Scent Of Death

November 30, 2018September 23, 2017 by admin

Nurse given an unwanted gift, coming to terms with using it to help patients and families.

I froze by room 650 as I wheeled the med cart.

The scent hit me.

The overpowering scent of flowers candles and incense. The smell, I associated with death. This was a very familiar smell to me. I had lost both parents as a teenager and this was the smell in the viewing room that was filled with flowers, wreaths, candles and incense. I hated it with all my heart.

Two decades later, the smell was hitting me right outside Ms. Watson and Ms. Grey's hospital room. I parked my locked cart and went in to investigate. The smell was not around Ms. Grey's bed but around Ms. Watson's bed. Ms. Watson lay sleeping peacefully, the early morning sun gently glowing on her face like a mother's caress. The scent was overpowering and I slowly backed out of the room. ...

Intimate Partner Stalking: Fear, Psychological Distress and Health Impacts

November 30, 2018September 23, 2017 by admin

Partner stalking victims have higher levels of fear and distress, including anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder and depression symptoms. Several studies indicate that partner stalking independently contributes to victim fear and distress.

In general, stalking victimization is associated with a range of fears and significant psychological distress. [1-11] from a study of stalking victims, of which 68 percent were stalked by an ex-partner, 78 percent had mean scale scores for somatic symptoms, anxiety, social dysfunction and severe depression that were similar to symptoms reported by psychiatric outpatient populations. [12]

When partner stalking occurs within the context of a current or former relationship that was violent, victim fear and distress is significantly increased. [13-15]

Partner stalking victims with histories of partner violence experienced over three times as many anxiety symptoms as stalking victims with no history of partner violence with the stalker. [16]

From a sample of 187 women stalked by an ex-partner, women who experienced levels...

Exploring The Interrelationship Between Alexithymia, Defense Style, Emotional Suppression, Homicide-related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder And Psychiatric Co-Morbidity

November 30, 2018September 23, 2017 by admin

Highlights •Perpetrators can develop posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) following homicide. •Different psychological factors contribute to the severity of PTSD and psychiatric co-morbidity. •Alexithymia is associated with defense style which is also correlated with emotional suppression. •Emotional suppression is associated with homicide-related PTSD and psychiatric co-morbidity. Abstract

This study investigated the interrelationship between alexithymia, defense style, emotional suppression, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) following homicide and psychiatric co-morbidity. One hundred and fifty male homicide perpetrators and 156 male perpetrators of non-violent crime completed the Posttraumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale (except for non-violent perpetrators), the General Health Questionnaire-28, the Defense Styles Questionnaire, the Courtauld Emotional Control Scale and the Toronto Alexithymia Scale-20. The results showed that 44% of homicide perpetrators met the criteria for PTSD. No significant differences were found between groups in alexithymia, defense style and psychiatric co-morbidity. Homicide perpetrators suppressed depression significantly more than the non-violent group...

Family Survivors Of Homicide Victims: Theoretical Perspectives And An Exploratory Study

February 20, 2019September 23, 2017 by admin

INTRODUCTION

The burgeoning literature on the psychological impact of crime has neglected a group of profoundly traumatized victims: surviving family members of criminal homicide victims (henceforth referred to as survivors). Criminal homicide is defined as "the willful (nonnegligent) killing of one human being by another" (FBI Uniform Crime Reports, 1985, p. 7) and includes the crimes of murder and nonnegligent manslaughter. Few would dispute the seriousness of homicide. A national survey asking respondents to rate the severity of 204 illegal acts found the six rated as most serious involved homicide (Rand et al., 1983). Yet, the indirect victims, those who have lost a loved one to homicide, are nearly invisible in the existing literature. We have no information concerning the number of survivors, and have only scant information about the impact of homicide on their psychological adjustment. Experts have recently begun to acknowledge that homicide produces indirect victims who suffeice...

Additional Resource: Family Survivors of Homicide Victims: Theoretical Perspectives and an Exploratory Study

Parasite Stress Promotes Homicide And Child Maltreatment

November 30, 2018September 23, 2017 by admin

ABSTRACT

Researchers using the parasite-stress theory of human values have discovered many cross-cultural behavioural patterns that inform a range of scholarly disciplines. Here, we apply the theory to major categories of interpersonal violence, and the empirical findings are supportive. We hypothesize that the collectivism evoked by high parasite stress is a cause of adult-on-adult interpersonal violence. Across the US states, parasite stress and collectivism each positively predicts rates of men's and women's slaying of a romantic partner, as well as the rate of male-honour homicide and of the motivationally similar felony-related homicide. Of these four types of homicide, wealth inequality has an independent effect only on rates of male-honour and felony-related homicide. Parasite stress and collectivism also positively predict cross-national homicide rates. Child maltreatment by caretakers is caused, in part, by divestment in offspring of low phenotypic quality, and high parasite stress produces more such offspring than low parasite stress. Rates of each...

Investigation of the Demographic Characteristics and Mental Health in Self-Immolation Attempters

November 30, 2018September 23, 2017 by admin

Abstract

Background

Self immolation is a heinous way to commit suicide which is mostly prevalent in individuals who attempt to escape a stressful situation and is considered as a strange and unusual method.

Objectives

This study examined demographic characteristics and mental health in self immolation attempters in the city of Bandar Abbas.

Materials and Methods

Two groups are involved in this enquiry. A group of 30 participants who have committed self-immolation and the other consisting of 15 non-committers. To conduct the study, MMPI questionnaire of Minnesota was employed accompanied with demographic information and descriptive statistics as well as independent “t-test”.

Results

The research findings indicate that the self-immolation attempters were mostly among singles, females, low literates or illiterates, and housewives within the age group of 10-30 years old. According to the research there was a significant difference between two groups regarding personality characteristics and records of hypochondriasis, depression, psychopathic deviation,...

A Review of the Trends of Self-Inflicted Burns.

November 30, 2018September 23, 2017 by admin

Abstract

During 1979-1998, 7139 patients were admitted to the Birmingham Burns Centre. Of these, 184 patients were identified with self-inflicted burns. There were 115 males and 69 females. The mean age was 37.4 +/- 14.6 years and mean size of burn was 41.1 +/- 31.3% of total body surface area (TBSA). The yearly admissions of these burns appeared to show a decline, while their percentage as compared to burn admission from other causes showed a rise in the trend. Statistically, however, these trends were not different from zero. During the studied period, there were 446 deaths, of which 81 (18%) were due to self-inflicted burns. The mortality in the self-inflicted burn patients was therefore 44%. The average size of burn in those who died was 67% TBSA, while in those who survived was 21% TBSA. The observed mortality when compared with expected mortality, as derived from mortality probability chart, showed that the...

Burnt Wives: A Study of Homicides

November 30, 2018September 23, 2017 by admin

Abstract

The death of married females nowadays is very common in India, usually being associated with dowry disputes. In India, dowries are a continuing series of gifts endowed before and after the marriage. When dowry expectations are not met, the young bride may be killed or compelled to commit suicide, most frequently by burning. In a cohort of 152 burned wives, 47 (31%) were homicidal burns and these cases were analyzed in view of epidemiological and medicolegal aspects. Homicide by burning amongst women is a major concern in India as it has become pervasive throughout all social strata and geographical areas. In this series, most women were from extended families (i.e. multigenerational groups of related individuals living under a single roof) and the homicides occurred within the first few years of their marriages. The majority of the affected wives were 16-25 years of age (77%) at the time of the incident and...

Postmortem Burning Of The Corpses Following Homicide.

November 30, 2018September 22, 2017 by admin

Abstract

Although there have been a great number of studies focussing on antemortem burns or fire-related deaths, the present study is the first dealing exclusively with postmortem burnings aiming to cover up a homicidal action. This study aims to draw attention to postmortem burning following homicide by determining the general characteristics of a series of burned corpses. Thirteen cases of homicide involving postmortem burning were included in the scope of the study. The cases were examined with regard to age, gender, place of death or discovery, autopsy findings, accompanying injuries and manner of death. Eleven of the cases were male and two were female. Victims' ages ranged between 24 and 62 years with a mean age of 43.5 years. All of the victims were discovered in unfamiliar places. Autopsy findings indicated postmortem burning of corpses to cover homicide. Discovering a burned body in an unfamiliar, outdoor or abandoned place, scene or autopsy findings...

How to Use Orange Peel

November 30, 2018September 22, 2017 by admin

The oil in orange peel is made of 95-percent limonene, a substance that, according to Greenlivingtips.com, is used in industrial plastics manufacturing, as well as being added to many household cleaners to give them a citrusy odor. The website notes that Florida's orange juice industry produces 5 million tons of peel waste every year, which is usually fed to cattle. There are many other uses for orange peel as well, so before you throw it away, consider some ways to incorporate it around your house and yard.

Step 1

Keep mosquitoes and flies at bay. These insects don't like limonene, according to Gomestic.com, so grate some orange peel (or use a zester) and place piles of the grated peel, or zest, around the patio or anywhere where flying insects may be a problem.

Step 2

Get rid of ants. Ants, too, dislike limonene. To get rid of an ant infestation, place a,,,

Crime Scene Rhetoric — Usually Falls Into Three Categories: Notes, Wall Writing, And Body Messages.

November 30, 2018September 22, 2017 by admin

Rhetoric is the art of discourse, wherein a writer or speaker strives to inform, persuade or motivate particular audiences in specific situations. As a subject of formal study and a productive civic practice, rhetoric has played a central role in the European tradition.[1] Its best known definition comes from Aristotle, who considers it a counterpart of both logic and politics, and calls it "the faculty of observing in any given case the available means of persuasion."[2] Rhetoric typically provides heuristics for understanding, discovering, and developing arguments for particular situations, such as Aristotle's three persuasive audience appeals, logos, pathos, and ethos. The five canons of rhetoric, which trace the traditional tasks in designing a persuasive speech, were first codified in classical Rome: invention, arrangement, style, memory, and delivery. Along with grammar and logic (or dialectic—see Martianus Capella), rhetoric is one of the three ancient arts of discourse....

TheDecision to Give Up Crime

February 19, 2019September 22, 2017 by admin

It is an understatement to say that the relationship between age and crime is fairly close. Let us recall three facts: First, the rate of arrests according to age starts a sharp decline at the end of adolescence. Second, among adult recidivists a reduction in criminal activity takes place with aging (Glueck and Glueck, 1937). Third, according to Blumstein and Cohen (1982:50), the total duration of the career of persons convicted for index crimes and who started crime at 18 years of age was 5.6 years. We must add, however, that this average hides important variations: There are offenders who start their adult career at 18 and end it in their forties. These findings would be inconceivable if desistance from crime were not a frequent occurrence. Offenders give up crime almost as often as they get into it. To die a criminal, one would almost have to die a violent death...