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Journal of Experimental Psychology Failure To Escape Traumatic Shock

February 12, 2019January 1, 2019 by admin

Dogs which had 1st learned to panel press in a harness in orderto escape shock subsequently showed normal acquisition of escape/avoidance behavior in a shuttle box. In contrast, yoked, inescapableshock in the harness produced profound interference with subsequentescape responding in the shuttle box. Initial experience with escapein the shuttle box led to enhanced panel pressing during inescapableshock in the harness and prevented interference with later respondingin the shuttle box. Inescapable shock in the harness and failure toescape in the shuttle box produced interference with escape respondingafter a 7-day rest. These results were interpreted as supporting alearned "helplessness" explanation of interference with escape re-sponding: Ss failed to escape shock in the shuttle box following in-escapable shock in the harness because they had learned that shock termination was independent of responding.

Overmier and Seligman (1967) haveshown that the prior exposure of dogsto inescapable shock in a Pavlovianharness reliably results in interfer-ence with subsequent escape/avoidancelearning in a shuttle box. Typically,these dogs do not even escape from

Efficacy of the Theory of Planned Behaviour: A Meta-Analytic Review

January 26, 2019January 1, 2019 by admin

The Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) has received considerable attention in the literature. The present study is a quantitative integration and review of that research. From a database of 185 independent studies published up to the end of 1997, the TPB accounted for 27% and 39% of the variance in behaviour and intention, respectively. The perceived behavioural control (PBC) construct accounted for signicant amounts of variance in intention and behaviour, independent of theory of reasoned action variables. When behaviour measures were self-reports, the TPB accounted for 11% more of the variance in behaviour than when behaviour measures were objective or observed (R2s = .31 and .21, respectively). Attitude, subjective norm and PBC account for signicantly more of the variance in individuals’ desires than intentions or self-predictions, but intentions and self-predictions were better predictors of behaviour. The subjective norm construct is generally found to be a weak predictor of intentions. This is partly attributable to a...

Extending the Theory of Planned Behavior: Evidence of the Arguments of its Sufficiency

January 26, 2019January 1, 2019 by admin

Abstract

The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) has been parsimonious, empirically supported, widely cited, most prominent, most compelling and well established model for predicting intentional behavior. Despite its comprehensive and valid prediction on behavior, TPB has received many debates and criticism on its narrow sufficiency of the three original components constructs of attitude, subjective norms and perceived behavioral control. This article discusses on the empirical support of various authors that recognized other relevant external factors to be considered in addition to the original model and considerations for future research context to enrich the existing theoretical contributions.

Introduction

The Theory of Planned Behavior or also referred to as TPB (Ajzen, 1985) has been useful and considered one of the most influential models in predicting social behaviors(Ajzen, 2011). It were found to be widely cited across domains to help in the understanding of many issues and problems of the societies(Armitage & Conner, 1999; Arnscheid & Schomers, 1996; Bansal & Taylor, 2002; Boldero, Sanitioso, & Brain, 1999;

Civil Liability for Acts of Off-Duty Officers – Part I

January 26, 2019January 1, 2019 by admin

1. Introduction

. Off-duty police officers, in some instances, encounter situations in which they may be called upon, at a moment’s notice, to act in their law enforcement role. Additionally, some off-duty officers are engaged in secondary employment, including jobs in private security. Off-duty officers, like all people, also become involved in disputes of various kinds with other individuals, including physical altercations and vehicular accidents. A good number of lawsuits, in both federal and state court, have attempted to impose civil liability on the off-duty officers themselves and/or on their municipal employer, under a variety of rationales. The issue arises whether and when the offduty officer is acting in their capacity as law enforcement, when they are acting on behalf of their secondary employer, such as a store or business for which they provide security or other services, and when they are acting in a purely personal capacity. This article, the first of two, briefly examines some of the existing case law on this...

Hybrid Gangs and Their Hidden Threat to Law Enforcement

January 26, 2019January 1, 2019 by admin

Abstract

This paper examines the unrecognized threats to law enforcement presented by hybrid gangs and their members. Information contained in this paper was obtained via literary and historical research and review, personal contact as well as the author’s previous experience in gang and covert investigations. In 2001, the United States Department of Justice identified the increasing development of hybrid gangs and their threat potential. Since that time, hybrid gangs have flourished and have continued to grow and evolve. Unfortunately, there has been a lack of updated training for law enforcement concerning the evolution and development of these gangs. The lack of training, combined with personal apathy and complacency displayed by some in law enforcement enhances the threat these entities pose for law enforcement personnel.

Introduction

Gang members and violence have long been considered synonymous in the law enforcement community. As crime and violence in communities has increased; society has experienced a proliferation of criminal gangs of various forms

Supporting Gang Violence Prevention Efforts: A Public Health Approach for Nurses

January 1, 2019 by admin

Abstract

The impact of gang violence on a youth’s risk for death or injury is tremendous. Prevention of complex societal problems, such as gang violence, requires a substantial effort and commitment from many sectors and disciplines. Nurses are uniquely positioned to help lead such efforts. Understanding the public health perspective to gang violence may be an important tool for nurses attempting to prevent this problem. The public health approach has four key components: defining and monitoring the problem; identifying risk, protective, and promoting factors; developing and evaluating interventions; and dissemination. This article outlines these components, current research on gang violence, and concludes by summarizing critical challenges for nurses to consider as they contribute to public health initiatives to prevent gang violence.

From 2002 to 2006, gangs were responsible for approximately 20% of homicides in the 88 largest United States (US) cities. Many health providers might not think they would see the words “gang violence” and “public health” in the same sentence. However, nurses who

Long-Term Consequences of Adolescent Gang Membership for Adult Functioning

January 1, 2019 by admin

Research has consistently shown that gang membership has proximal adverse consequences during adolescence that, in turn, lead to significant social and economic costs. Active gang members are much more likely than their nongang peers to engage in criminal behavior, especially serious and violent offending; in addition, they are more likely to be involved in drug use and selling,5 have more difficulties in school, and are more likely to be violently victimized.3 However, with few exceptions, there is scant research on possible broader, long-term public health consequences of gang membership. Levitt and Vankatesh,8 in a 10-year follow up of a sample of Chicago youths, found that those who reported being in a gang during adolescence were more likely to be arrested and incarcerated as adults, were more likely to rely on illegal income, and had obtained less formal education than their nongang peers. When they controlled for background characteristics such as home environment and early school performance, only the relationship between...

Gangs and Adolescent Mental Health: a Narrative Review

January 1, 2019 by admin

Abstract

This study presents a narrative review of the literature on gang culture and its association with mental health, including an in-depth overview of the topic area and reference to key systematic reviews and meta-analyses. This review will define gang culture, discuss the multiple interacting reasons (biological, psychological and social) why some young people may be attracted to gangs; and the psychiatric morbidities associated with being part of a gang. Gang culture and some adolescent mental health problems are intricately linked. This paper highlights ways in which research, practice and policy could be extended to minimise the injurious effects of gang culture on adolescent mental health

Gang Members 25% More Likely To Develop Mental Health Disorders Due To Perpetual Violence

January 1, 2019 by admin

Gangs and gang violence are a major public health problem. Violence is necessary for building and maintaining group cohesion in gangs, and is instrumental for robberies and intimidation, a major way by which gang members make a living. Violence is also essential to their control of illegal drugs markets. So gangs are not just friends hanging out; they are serious menaces to society.

But are gang members also menaces to themselves and their mental health?

A new study of 4,664 men aged 18 to 34 in Britain served to identify associations between violent behaviors and mental issues or use of mental health services, highlighting the specific effects of gang membership.

Of the men surveyed, 70 percent reported that they had not been violent in the past five years, 27 percent said they had assaulted another person or been involved in a fight, and two percent, or 108 of the men, said they were currently a member of a gang. Using these

Prisoners Of The Mind | The Inappropriateness Of Comparing The Involuntarily Committed Mentally Ill To Pretrial Detainees In Fourth Amendment Analyses

February 5, 2019December 30, 2018 by admin

INTRODUCTION

In addition to substandard conditions of confinement, the invo- luntarily committed experience a stunning lack of privacy while insti-tutionalized. One commentator relates a former patient’s description of life in an institution as follows:

Everything is taken from you, you share a door-less room with as many other “crazy” women as the number of beds that can be fitted in al- lows . . . . There is one bathroom with two (door-less, of course) toilet compartments . . . and never, never any privacy at all. It is also a place where patients are instantly robbed of credibility.

Nevertheless, surprisingly little litigation has taken place over searches of psychiatric patients. One recent case, however, suggests that such claims are likely to be unsuccessful. In Serna v. Goodno, an entire treatment facility of “sexually dangerous persons” was subject to visual body cavity searches because hospital staff suspected the presence of a cellular phone in the ward.These suspicionless...

Ganging Up on Gangs: The Steps Necessary for Effectively Prosecuting Gang Violence

February 5, 2019December 30, 2018 by admin

The 2009 National Gang Threat Assessment report states, “[gangs] pose a serious threat to public safety in many communities throughout the United States” In his 2008 report to Congress, Attorney General Michael B. Mukasey writes, [Gangs] threaten our society, from city streets to sub-urban neighborhoods and beyond. They bring a culture of violence and drugs to our doorsteps, creating an atmosphere of fear, diminishing the quality of life, and endangering the safety, well-being, and future of our children. In partnership with state and local authorities as well as community leaders, we must be vigilant in keeping our communities safe from the curse of gang-related crime and violence. Legislatures have passed statutes intended to address gang related issues within their states. Those states enacting gang legislation have, with certain exceptions, done so recently.To understand and identify the threat posed by a criminal street gang, the term must be defined. At present, the federal definition reads as follows:...

Comprehensive Representation: A Holistic Approach to White Collar Criminal Defense

February 5, 2019December 30, 2018 by admin

I. Introduction

In Padilla v. Kentucky, the U.S. Supreme Court found that a defense attorney failed to adequately represent his client, José Padilla, a non-citizen, but lawful permanent resident of the United States, because he did not advise Mr. Padilla that entering a guilty plea could result in deportation. The majority opinion states:

It is our responsibility under the Constitution to ensure that no criminal defendant whether a citizen or not is left to the ‘mercies of incompetent counsel.’ Richardson, 397 U.S. at 771. To satisfy this responsibility, we now hold that counsel must inform her client whether his plea carries a risk of deportation.

Padilla marks “the first time that the Court has applied the 1984 Strickland standard to a lawyer’s failure to advise a client about a consequence of conviction that is not part of the sentence imposed by the court.” One legal scholar suggests that even if Padilla is limited to cases with the risk

Criminal Justice Standards On Mental Health

February 4, 2019December 30, 2018 by admin

PART I: THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM AND THE MENTAL HEALTH SYSTEM

Standard 7-1.1. Terminology

(a) Unless otherwise specified, these Standards adopt the definition of “mental disorder” found in the current Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of the American Psychiatric Association.* In the settings addressed by the Standards, mental disorder is most likely to encompass mental illnesses such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depressive disorders; developmental disabilities that affect intellectual and adaptive functioning; and substance use disorders that develop from repeated and extensive abuse of drugs or alcohol or some combination thereof.

(b) “Mental health professional,” as used in these Standards, includes psychiatrists, psychologists, social workers and psychiatric nurses and other clinicians with expertise in the evaluation and treatment of mental disorders.

(c) “Mental health evaluation,” appearing throughout the Standards as “evaluation,” means an evaluation by a mental health professional of an individual accused of, charged with, or convicted of a criminal offense or detained by the police for the purpose of assessing:

Interrogation and Evidence Fabrication

February 5, 2019December 29, 2018 by admin

Abstract

I explore the rather common legally permissible practice of police lying to suspects and/or fabricating evidence by analyzing a simple model in which police can fabricate/lie and then the accused chooses whether to confess. When police are not permitted to fabricate/lie, the police presenting evidence, which in this case can be viewed as hard evidence, to the accused conveys information about the accused’s chances at trial. However, when police are permitted to fabricate/lie, the evidence does not convey information to the accused. I find that allowing police to lie is helpful in cases where it either leads to a guilty accused confessing when he would otherwise go to trial, or an innocent accused not confessing when he otherwise would confess if police were not allowed to lie. However, allowing police to lie is harmful in cases where it either leads to a guilty accused not confessing when he would confess if the police were not allowed to lie, or an

Infiltrated Labor Union

December 29, 2018 by admin

Part of OCGS' mission involves combating the infiltration by organized criminal groups of labor unions, employer organizations and their affiliated employee benefit plans in the private sector of the economy. Historically, elements of organized criminal groups referred to as La Cosa Nostra (LCN ) or the "Mafia" gained substantial corrupt influence, and even control in some instances, over labor unions by creating a climate of fear and intimidation among their members by threats and acts of violence. Through such domination, these criminal groups were able to place their associates in key official positions with various unions and in other positions of influence and to thereby exploit the unions and the employers which dealt with such unions and derive illegal proceeds from the operation of the unions' affairs and labor-management relations. See, President's Commission on Organized Crime (PCOC), The Edge: Organized Crime, Business and labor Unions (U.S. G.P.O. Washington, DC 1986) at 1-32. The PCOC specifically concluded that the LCN had for decades controlled and corruptly influenced certain

Gangs 101 – Gang Recruitment Techniques

December 29, 2018 by admin

2. Subterfuge

Subterfuge is a misrepresentation of what the gang really is and what it stands for. Recruiters use lies and schemes to convince the youth that it really isn't a gang, it's a club or it is really a group of close friends that have to protect themselves against a powerful enemy. Another tact taken by recruiters is to identify latchkey and other kids who may not have a good family life and convince them that they aren't loved and that the club is there for them, the "club" will love them.

3. Obligation

Often gang members will do a favor or make a loan of something to a prospective recruit and demand they give loyalty as payback. Often, these favors come in the form of protection. Girls are sometimes used to promote that sense of obligation.

4. Coercion

Forced recruitment is an age old technique, used most often by large gangs in chronic gang cities. This technique is used most