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Police Response to Emotionally Disturbed Persons: Analyzing New Models of Police Interactions With the Mental Health System

February 14, 2019August 12, 2017 by admin

Abstract:

Birmingham's Community Service Officer program (Alabama) uses in-house mental health specialists employed by the police department to handle police contacts that involve emotionally disturbed persons. Knoxville's mobile mental health crisis unit (Tennessee) uses community mental health-based crisis teams in coordination with the police department. The Memphis Crisis Intervention Team (Tennessee) is composed of sworn officers with special training in mental health issues. A primary focus of this study was to examine the extent to which use of a pre-booking diversion program is associated with a "specialized" police response (in contrast to a general dispatcher call) and with reductions in the arrest of people with mental illness. The study was also interested in how police officers perceived the specialized response used by their department, as well as in what factors might be associated with their differential effectiveness ratings. Based on how the two pre-booking programs and the traditional mobile mental health crisis team performed and...

See Also: Police Response to Emotionally Disturbed Persons: Analyzing New Models of Police Interactions With the Mental Health System

Mental Illness as a Barrier to Marriage Among Mothers With Out-of-Wedlock Births

February 14, 2019August 12, 2017 by admin

Abstract: This study explored how mental illness shapes transitions to marriage among unwed mothers using augmented data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing study. We estimated proportional hazard models to assess the effects of mental illness on the likelihood of marriage over a five year period following a non-marital birth. History of diagnosed mental illness was obtained from the survey respondents' prenatal medical records. We found that mothers with diagnosed mental illness were about two thirds as likely to marry as mothers without mental illness, even after controlling for demographic characteristics, and that the association is explained little by measures of human capital, relationship stability, partner selection, cognitive ability, and substance use.

One third of births in the United States are to unmarried parents. The proportions are considerably higher than that for minority parents. While many unmarried mothers eventuallymarry (82 percent of whites, 62 percent of Hispanics, and 59 percent of blacks, according to Graefe and Lichter 2002)...

Civilian Approaches To Interrogation

February 14, 2019August 12, 2017 by admin

At the close of the 1963 term, the United States Supreme Court decided two cases involving the relationship between police interrogation of a suspected criminal offender and the sixth amendment right to counsel. In Massiah v. United States,1 it was held that, once indicted, the defendant is entitled to the assistance of counsel, and that incriminating statements elicited from the accused during this period may not be admitted into evidence; subsequently, the Court held in Escobedo v. Illinois' that the accused may not be denied the assistance of counsel during the interrogation stage of a police investigation, even though he has not yet been formally charged.

The sixth amendment to the Federal Constitution provides: "In all criminal prosecutions the accused shall enjoy the right ... to have the assistance of Counsel for his defense."' It is a source of protection to the accused in Federal, and, through the fourteenth amendment, state proceedings as well...

See Also: The Right to Counsel during Police Interrogation: The Aftermath of Escobedo (3922 downloads )

Behavioral Conformation in the Interrogation Room: On the Dangers of Presuming Guilt

February 13, 2019August 12, 2017 by admin

A two-phased experiment tested the hypothesis that the presumption of guilt that underlies police interrogations activates a process of behavioral confirmation. In Phase I, 52 suspects guilty or innocent of a mock theft were questioned by 52 interrogators led to believe that most suspects were guilty or innocent. Interrogators armed with guilty as opposed to innocent expectations selected more guilt-presumptive questions, used more interrogation techniques, judged the suspect to be guilty, and exerted more pressure to get a confession--particularly when paired with innocent suspects. In Phase II, neutral observers listened to audiotapes of the suspect, interrogator, or both. They perceived suspects in the guilty expectations condition as more defensive--and as somewhat more guilty. Results indicate that a presumption of guilt sets in motion a process of behavioral confirmation by which expectations influence the interrogator's behavior, the suspect's behavior, and ultimately the judgments of neutral observers.

Characterization Of The Volatile Organic Compounds Present In The Headspace Of Decomposing Human Remains

February 15, 2019August 12, 2017 by admin

ABSTRACT

Law enforcement agencies frequtly use canines trained to detect the odor of human decomposition to aid in detuermining the location of clandestine burials and human remains deposited or scattered on the surface. However, few studies attempt to identify the specific volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that elicit an appropriate response from victim recovery (VR) canines. Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) War combined with gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC–MS) to identify the VOCs released into the headspace associated with 14 separate tissue samples of human remains previously used for VR canine training. The headspace was found to contain various classes of VOCs, including acids, alcohols, aldehydes, halogens, aromatic hydrocarbons, ketones, and sulfides. Analysis of the data indicates that the VOCs associated with human decomposition share similarities across regions of the body and across types of tissue. However, sufficient differences exist to warrant VR canine testing to identify potential mimic odor chemical profiles that can be used as training aids. The resulting data will assist in the identification of the most...

Economic Analysis of the TV Advertising Market

February 18, 2019August 12, 2017 by admin

This report, commissioned by Ofcom from PwC, combines the latest econometric modelling techniques with industry thinking and expertise to build an economic model of the UK television advertising market. The results update and supplement the work of David Hendry on TV advertising elasticities carried out in 1992. Given the fundamental changes to the TV advertising market since Hendry’s work, this updated model will be of critical importance to future analysis in the TV advertising market. Ofcom is responsible for regulating broadcasting and related services. In order to inform our work in the broadcasting sector, and to develop a strong evidence base for further analysis, Ofcom commissioned PwC to build an econometric model of the UK television advertising market. This model was used to:
• Determine the elasticities for TV advertising on ‘traditional’ channels (channels 3, 4, and 5) and multichannel channels; and
• Produce forecasts of TV net advertising revenue (NAR) to 2014 for traditional and multichannel channels. ...

Corporate Sponsorship in the Marketing Curriculum: A Preliminary Investigation

February 13, 2019August 12, 2017 by admin

Abstract

Corporate sponsorship of sports, the arts, community events, and causes has been recognized as a marketing communications tool. Corporations and organizations have embraced sponsorship as a vital component of their marketing strategy. The use of corporate sponsorship has increased over the last twenty years and it now provides an economic impact nearing $200 billion, when sponsorship fees and related advertising, sales promotions, and client entertaining are included. Yet despite its widespread use among practitioners, sponsorship continues to receive little attention in the academic environment. This study examined the coverage given corporate sponsorship/events marketing in several current promotion/advertising textbooks. Introduction Corporate sponsorship of sports, the arts, entertainment and causes has been recognized as marketing communications tool. In 1986, the International Events Group (IEG,) estimated the amount of sponsorship spending in North America at approximately $1 billion (Ukman, 1996). By 2005, sponsorship, defined as a cash...

Murder, Inheritance, and Mental Illness

February 17, 2019August 11, 2017 by admin

Should a murderer be allowed to inherit the victim’s estate? The question dates from biblical times, but most jurisdictions today have statutes in place that bar inheritance by convicted murderers. However, a special problem arises when the killer has a severe mental illness and has been found not guilty by reason of insanity. Should such people, who have not been convicted of a crime, be permitted to collect their inheritance? Jurisdictions vary in their responses, with the rules reflecting a mix of practical and moral considerations influenced by different perspectives about what determines the behavior of persons with mental illness. (Psychiatric Services 62:707–709, 2011) Have you killed, and also taken possession?” the biblical prophet Elijah asked Ahab, King of Samaria, who with his wife, Jezebel, was being accused of having done precisely that (1). Embodied in Elijah’s question is the...

A Theory Of Homicidal Behavior Among Women

February 17, 2019August 11, 2017 by admin

This theory explains the homicidal behavior of women in a variety of settings. Structural, social, and cultural conditions of modern societies generate strain for all women, which produces negative affect. Women tend to internalize negative affect as guilt and hurt rather than externalize it as anger directed at a target. This results in a situation analogous to over controlled personality, and results in low overall rates of deviance punctuated by occasional instances of extreme violence. The conditions found in long-term abusive relationships and pre- or postpartum are more likely to produce this result, but the theory is not limited to explaining female homicide in these settings. Men commit much more crime—including violent crime—than women. But the homicides women commit exhibit much more consistency in their characteristics and circumstances than do homicides by men (Browne, 1987; Browne and Williams, 1993; Bunch et al., 1983; d'Orban, 1990; Gelles and Cornell, 1985; Goetting, 1987; Jurik and Winn, 1990; Martin, 1981; Walker,

South Carolina Attotney General Re: Proposed “Sheriffs First” Legislation.

February 17, 2019August 11, 2017 by admin

The proposed legislation requires federal employees who would act in a county for the purpose of making federal arrests, searches or seizures, and who are not designated by South Carolina law as South Carolina peace officers, to first obtain ·written permission from the county sheriff or designee of the county sheriff in which the arrest, search or seizure will occur. The legislation also provides that the county sheriff or designee of the county sheriff "may refuse permission for any reason that the sheriff or designee considers sufficient." An exception exists when the arrest, search or seizure will take place on a federal enclave for which jurisdiction has been ceded to the United States by a South Carolina statute. A federal employee may also obtain written permission from the South Carolina Attorney General, who also "may refuse the permission for any reason that the attorney general considers sufficient." The legislation sets forth information which must be included in the request for written permission, including the name of...

Researching Corporate Relationships

December 21, 2018August 11, 2017 by admin

Occasionally, attorneys and other legal professionals may need to identify connections between specific companies or map out the structure of a company. One of the most common reasons to search for this “corporate linkage” data is to identify possible conflicts of interest before taking on new corporate clients; however, a company’s relationships with other entities also may have an impact on how a particular legal matter involving the company is handled. Additionally, attorneys who have successfully represented a subsidiary company may want to use their success with that client as a gateway to marketing their legal service to the parent company. Given the intricate network of relationships that can exist with-in a large company,obtaining a complete picture of a company’s hierarchy can be a daunting task.The availability of corporate linkage information depends on a variety of factors, including whether the company is publicly traded or privately owned, whether it is based inside or outside the United States, and

Indoor Firing Ranges Industrial Hygiene Technical Guide

February 16, 2019August 11, 2017 by admin

1.0 Introduction

1.1 Purpose - This reference guide is intended to provide general information regarding indoor firing ranges (small arms ranges) to assist in recognizing, evaluating and controlling safety and health hazards. The contents are drawn from Federal regulations, Navy instructions, and other technical documents.

1.2 Use - This guide should be useful to range operators, industrial hygienists, safety professionals and technicians in performing range evaluations, understanding conditions that require additional expertise and developing operation and maintenance procedures. 1.2.1 This guide provides the following: 1.2.1.1 General hazard information, 1.2.1.2 General design and operation aspects, 1.2.1.3 Systems and equipment of industrial hygiene concern, 1.2.1.4 General discussion of ventilation design and evaluation, 1.2.1.5 Work practices and recommendations for controlling exposure to hazards and safe operation

Serving Survivors of Homicide Victims During Cold Case Investigations:

December 22, 2018August 11, 2017 by admin

INTRODUCTION

Statement of the Problem

Advancements in DNA technology and other forensic investigative tools have enabled law enforcement agencies to reopen cases left dormant for years. Although the number of cold cases investigated by agencies on a nationwide basis each year is currently not tracked, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) does track the number of offenses cleared. In 2009, 66.6 percent of the 13,242 murder and non-negligent manslaughter crimes in the United States were cleared by arrest or exceptional means.1 While this is a significant clearance rate, it leaves many homicides unsolved each year. In response to the advances in forensic technology, many law enforcement agencies have established cold case units with the hope that reexamining evidence will help solve more crimes. As cases are reopened, investigators are contacting survivors of homicide victims. Although survivors may be grateful that their loved one’s murder has renewed attention, the reopening of a

Evaluating The Usefulness Of Functional Distance Measures When Calibrating Journey-to-Crime Distance Decay Functions

February 15, 2019August 11, 2017 by admin

Abstract

This research evaluates the usefulness of applying functional distance measures to criminal geographic profiles using mathematically calibrated distance decay models. Both the travel- path (i.e., shortest distance) and temporally optimized (i.e., quickest travel time) functional distance measures were calculated based on the impedance attributes stored within a linearly referenced transportation data layer of several parishes in Louisiana. Two different journey-to- crime distance decay functions (i.e., negative exponential, and truncated negative exponential) were mathematically calibrated for ‘‘best fit’’, based on the distribution of distances between homicide crime locations and offenders residences. Using the calibrated distance decay functions, geographic profiles were created for a localized serial killer from Baton Rouge, Louisiana. A probability score was calculated for every point within the study area to indicate the likelihood that it contained the serial offenders residence. A comparison between the predicted (highest probability score) and the actual residence of the serial offender determined the predictive value and procedural validity of functional distance metrics.

Determining Distance Between Shooter And Victim Using Blood And Back Spatter

February 14, 2019August 11, 2017 by admin

ABSTRACT

This project was developed in hopes of being able to answer questions about a crime scene that have not yet been answered. Blood pattern analysis is a crucial part of crime scene reconstruction. Analyzing the blood spatter left behind at most crime scenes allows for investigators to determine where the victim and the assaulting weapon came into contact with each other, also known as the point of convergence. They can also tell what type of weapon the assailant used to commit the crime with by analyzing the velocity of the spatter. However, a phenomenon known as back spatter analysis or as blow back analysis may also be left behind and studied by the investigator. The intention of this research is analyzing back spatter of objects shot with three different weapons at varying distance. Different ammunition will also be used. The weapons will be a Walther P22, 9mm Walther PPS, and a .380 Smith & Wesson Bodyguard using Critical Defense

Appendix 1: Autopsy Protocol in Case of GunshotWounds and Intoxication

January 20, 2019August 11, 2017 by admin

Clothing:
The body is received clothed in a white sleeveless T-shirt, black running pants, blue bikini underwear and blue and black flip-flops sandals. A gunshot defect is in the left pectoral region of the T-shirt, with no soot or gunpowder on the surrounding fabric.

External Examination: 28 May 2003 at 1255 hours
The body is that of a well-developed, well-nourished man who appears consistent with the above-stated length, weight, and age. The body length is personally measured at 65. Rigor mortis is fully developed. Livor mortis is posterior, partially blanches with digital pressure, and extends to the posterior axillary line. The body is cold from refrigeration. The anterior aspect of the left shoulder has a few small postmortem tan-yellow ant bites. The scalp is atraumatic and is covered by straight black hair in a full distribution. The skin is light brown. The irides are brown and the pupils are midsized.5 The conjunctivae have no petechiae. Facial hair comprises a mustache and chin whiskers.