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The Impact of Sport Sponsorship on Brand Equity

February 14, 2019August 11, 2017 by admin

Abstract

Recently, traditional marketing communication elements are faced with challenges of reaching increasingly fragmented consumer markets. The companies are forced to find new communication ways due to the highly cluttered market environment. Consequently, corporate sponsorship of sports has become an increasingly popular and one of the fastest growing marketing communication tools which bypasses media clutter and provides the environment where a brand can differentiate itself from the others. Red Bull sponsors various kinds of sport and athletes and through the years became the representative brand of ‘extreme sports culture’ social identity. Therefore, the paper focuses on the Red Bull sport sponsorship and strives to investigate its possible effects and reveal its impact on different aspects of brand equity. Throughout the paper several theories within the fields of cognitive and behavioural learning are applied. First part of the analysis investigates sponsorship through the spectrum of cognitive learning mechanisms whereas second part explores Red Bull’s sponsorship from the behavioural perspective. Achieved...

An Examination of Homicide Clearance Rates: Foundation for the Development of a Homicide Clearance Model

December 22, 2018August 11, 2017 by admin

Introduction

Homicide rates around the country show that many individuals choose murder as the ultimate means of conflict resolution. According to the FBI’s Uniform Crime Reports, 65 percent of homicides are cleared. Unfortunately, consistently high homicide clearance rates are not the norm for departments around the country. To help departments raise their clearance rates, it is important to discover which aspects of homicide case management and investigation produce the best results. First it may be useful to review definitions of “clearance rate.” Bottomley and Pease state, “[A]n offense is said to be cleared up if a person has been charged, summonsed or cautioned for the offense, if the offense is admitted and taken into consideration by the court, or if there is sufficient evidence to charge a person, but the case is not proceeded with...” (1986:44). However, Rinehart (1993) points out that Greenwood, Chaiken, and Petersilia (1977:32) define a cleared case to exist “when police have identified a perpetrator, have sufficient...

Gunshot Wounds: Determination of the Firing Distance through Micro-CT Analysis

December 22, 2018August 11, 2017 by admin

Aims

Forensic radiology is a specialized area of medical imaging utilizing radiological techniques to assist physicians and pathologists in matters pertaining to the law. Aim of the present research is to apply traditional and innovative radiological techniques in the field of forensic pathology in real cases, as well as in experimental models of wounds,in order to identify specific injury patterns and to discuss their diagnostic efficiency and their limits, with special regard to the reconstruction of the dynamic of the event..

Method

Human legs, surgically amputated, were cleaned of dried blood and any other contaminants and cut into 3 sections (approximately 6 cm in height). Firing into human legs was carried out perpendicularly at distances of 5, 15, 23, 30 and 40 cm using a 7.65-mm pistol and jacketed bullets (Fig 1). Uninjured skin sections of legs were used as controls.

Antitrust and Franchising: Conspiracies Between Franchisors and Franchisees Under Section 1

February 19, 2019August 11, 2017 by admin

A1993 article in this Journal reported, without fanfare, a federal district court’s holding that a “franchisor and franchisee were legally incapable of conspiring” in restraint of trade. Since that time, two other district courts and two courts of appeals have echoed that decision. Franchisors and franchisees that have spent time and energy ensuring compliance with the antitrust laws may be pleasantly surprised to learn that many of these efforts may be unnecessary. Because Section 1 of the Sherman Act (the key antitrust statute under which franchisor actions have been challenged) proscribes only “contracts, combinations and conspiracies” in restraint of trade or commerce, if franchisors are, as a matter of law, incapable of conspiring with franchisees, then franchisors need not worry about such things as mandating the prices at which franchisees resell products, “tying” continuation of the franchise to required purchases, or otherwise restricting franchisees’ actions. Franchisors could require all franchisees to participate in promotions and sales pricing without any...

Analyzing an Offender’s Journey to Crime: A Criminal Movement Model (CriMM)

February 18, 2019August 11, 2017 by admin

Abstract

In the current study we develop a Criminal Movement Model (CriMM) to investigate the relationship between simulated travel routes of offenders along the physical road network and the actual locations of their crimes in the same geographic space. With knowledge of offenders’ home locations and the locations of major attractors, we are able to model the routes that offenders are likely to take when travelling from their home to an attractor by employing variations of Dijkstra’s shortest path algorithm. With these routes plotted, we then compare them to the locations of crimes committed by the same offenders. This model was applied to five attractor locations within the Greater Vancouver Regional District (GVRD) in the province of British Columbia, Canada. Information about offenders in these cities was obtained from five years worth of real police data. After performing a small-scale analysis for each offender to investigate how far off their...

Trustee Liability for Breach of the Duty of Loyalty: Good Faith Inquiry and Appreciation Damages

February 18, 2019August 11, 2017 by admin

In remedying breaches of its vaunted duty of loyalty,' the law of trusts in New York is fettered by rules that emphasize restitutionary principles. Created by a stubborn adherence to absolute liability, this emphasis persists because it was written into the Restatement of Trusts. Although absolute liability and restitution of gain may still serve valid purposes,' justice requires an inquiry into the character of the breach as well as full compensation of the beneficiary when a trustee makes a sale tainted with a conflict of interest.The trustee owes a duty of loyalty to the beneficiary." The selfdealing trustee 8 who neglects to obtain prior court approval is buttably presumed to be disloyal ' the no further inquiry rule bars consideration of good faith and fairness." Such absolute liability is intended to negate the temptation of self-interest." Because of the no further inquiry rule, however, honest and dishonest trustees are subject to the same measures of damages. These measures do not permit the beneficiary

Travel-To-Crime: Homing In On The Victim

February 22, 2021August 11, 2017 by admin

ABSTRACT

Environmental criminology focuses on the intersection in time and place of the offender and victim. Patterns of crime are generally explained in terms of the routine activities of the offender. His or her travel to crime distances are short and crimes are committed within the offender's 'awareness space'. It has generally been theorised that victims also have short journeys to crime, associated with their routine behaviour. This review, however, suggests that occupancy of 'unawareness space', where people are away from familiar surroundings, may confer heightened risk. This is supported in research in the special case of crime and tourism, though other travelling victim patterns have been largely ignored. This paper postulates that crime risk increases at the intersection of offender awareness and victim unawareness spaces. The 2002–3 British Crime Survey provides some suggestive evidence on this. Its analysis reveals that 26.9% of self-reported victimisation occurs more than 15 minutes away from the victim's home. For personal

The Restatement of the Law of Trusts

February 18, 2019August 11, 2017 by admin

As a preface to a discussion of any of the tentative drafts of the restatement of law it is interesting to recall the situation which created the need for the American Law Institute, and the objects which its founders hoped to attain. Logic is a method of classification, and the logical machinery of the law is a classification of the opinions of appellate courts under titles or concepts. As rapidly as the increasingly numerous opinions appear, they are put under the protection of one of these abstractions, and, once there, automatically become part of the field of "law" for which the abstraction stands as a symbol. The more ingeniously the legal analogies and concepts are used, the more dissimilar become the cases grouped under any one classification, until at times these terms become almost meaningless. Yet prior to the American Law Institute no systematic reclassification had ever been attempted. The magnitude of the task was terrifying. The conservative

The Psychiatrist’s Role in Determining Accountability for Crimes: The Public Anxiety and an Increasing Expertise

February 18, 2019August 11, 2017 by admin

I. INTRODUCTION

In conjunction with the criminal law, the psychiatrist witness has been asked to evaluate people at four different stages. He has been asked to give his opinion whether the defendant understands the charges and is able to aid his defense, whether the defendant should be held responsible for his activity, to recommend a disposition and finally to recommend a stay for execution of sentence.' This comment will discuss the second of these functions, the role of the psychiatrist in determining whether someone should be held accountable for the consequences of his acts who has accomplished activity classified by society as criminal. This comment will discuss the legal tests for insanity only peripherally, by illustrating the legal semantical difficulty produced by the attempts of the District of Columbia Court of Appeals to deal with this problem. The legal tests have been so overtreated and overemphasized that one noted authority has remarked: "Rivers of ink, mountains of printer's

The Confidential Relationship Theory of Constructive Trusts-An Exception to the Statute of Frauds

February 18, 2019August 11, 2017 by admin

The constructive trust, often referred to as a trust "implied in law," has been generally recognized as an exception to the Statute of Frauds. Fraud, duress, mistake, undue influence, or the breach of a fiduciary relationship may all be the basis for a constructive trust. Promises to convey or to hold property in trust, which would ordinarily be unenforceable under the statute, have often resulted in the imposition of a constructive trust when the abuse of a confidential relationship has been found.3 The "abuse of confidence" exception to the statute, which defies accurate definition, has provided courts of equity with an elastic means for intervention whenever such is considered just and proper.and confidence can be found in every transaction involving a fiduciary. To this extent, the fiduciary relationship is undoubtedly "confidential." The true fiduciary relationship and the duties and obligations which adhere thereto, however, can generally be placed into distinct categories wherein an underlying legal relationship also exists. Such would...

The Criminal Profiling Illusion: What’s Behind the Smoke and Mirrors?

February 18, 2019August 11, 2017 by admin

Criminal profiling (CP) is the practice of predicting a criminal’s personality, behavioral, and demographic characteristics based on crime scene evidence (Douglas, Ressler, Burgess, & Hartman, 1986; Hicks & Sales, 2006). This practice is being utilized by police agencies around the world despite no compelling scientific evidence that it is reliable, valid, or useful (Snook, Eastwood, Gendreau, Goggin, & Cullen, 2007). This disparity between the use and the lack of empirical support leads one to consider the question Why do people believe CP works despite the lack of evidence? We explain this criminal profiling illusion in terms of the nature of the information about CP that is presented to the people and how they process that information.

Our article is divided into five sections. First, we outline current knowledge of CP techniques, the frequency with which CP is used in criminal investigations, and the extent to which police officers and mental health professionals perceive CP as a valuable tool. Second, we argue...

Rediscovering Conservatism: Burkean Polictical Theory and Constitutional Interpretation

February 17, 2019August 11, 2017 by admin

Abstract

Recent decisions of the Rehnquist Court--particularly the Court's 1992 decision in Planned Parenthood v. Casey have caused many to question widely held assumptions about the meaning of judicial conservatism. In this article, Ernest Young argues that the views of the modern judicial "conservatives" such as Judge Robert Bork and Justice Antonin Scalia are antithetical to classical conservative political theory, as exemplified by the writings and speeches of the eighteenth-century British philosopher/politician Edmund Burke. In particular, Mr. Young argues that strict adherence to the original understanding of the Constitution, judicial deference to democratic majorities, and formulation of legal directives as bright-line rules are all inconsistent with classical conservatism. Instead, Mr. Young advocates an approach to constitutional interpretation inspired by Burke's emphasis on tradition and evolutionary reform. Moreover, Mr. Young speculates that it is precisely this "common-law constitutionalism" that may be driving the emerging center of today's Supreme Court.

Reaction Time Lethal Force Encounter Shooting Scene Considerations

February 17, 2019August 11, 2017 by admin

“The essential elements to be considered are the inherent danger reasonably perceived at the time and the physical realities that apply at the time. These physical realities include the factors of action versus reaction times, the abilities of the involved parties, the limited time available to recognize, react, initiate and implement a response, the sensory distortions that will occur in any high stress lifethreatening incident and the limited means available to compel a timely halt to the threatening activity. These elements must be judged from the perspective of a reasonable officer within the incident and not with the application of 20/20 hindsight.” [Ref. 15 Patrick & Hall] The justified use of force elements hold true whether Officer or Citizen. Officer or Citizen need to be viewed from the perspective of the incident and not with 20/20 hindsight. To understand the timing of a lethal force encounter we need to discuss reaction time, both the mental process and the physical process.

The Restatement (Third) Of Restitution And Unjust Enrichment: Some Introductory Suggestions

February 18, 2019August 11, 2017 by admin

Professor and Reporter Andrew Kull has brought reason and order to the law of restitution and unjust enrichment. He has done so with elegant expression and architecture, incisive and insightful comments, and careful analysis and research. With constructive suggestions from his advisers and consulting members of the American Law Institute and other scholars, judges, and lawyers in the United States and elsewhere, and with the careful examination and approval of drafts by the Institute‟s Council and membership, he has produced a masterpiece, the Restatement (Third) of Restatement and Unjust Enrichment. He has reestablished the subject as as a crucial building block of the law along with Contracts and Torts. In this introductory comment, I will first summarize the structure and key points of the new Restatement and then, using two examples, examine briefly whether and how it might be used to address new claim...

Travel to Violence Report New Mexico Statistical Analysis Center

February 17, 2019August 11, 2017 by admin

Introduction

The criminological literature has long suggested that perpetrators offend close to home (Lu 2003; Rossmo 2000; Wiles and Costello 2000; McIver 1981). While this may have traditionally been the case, such travel patterns are dependent on the spatial distribution of residential neighborhoods, and the use of public spaces characteristics that vary both over time and by geographic region. Much of the research that has demonstrated localized offending patterns has been based on analyses of older cities whose patterns of development predated the widespread use of the automobile. Yet, both patterns of residential development and the use of public spaces have changed in many of the fastest growing western cities. Public spaces, such as nightclubs, movie theaters, and shopping districts are often no longer located exclusively within or close to residential neighborhoods. As a result, the spatial distribution of offenders, victims, and incidents may no longer follow this established pattern. Just as individuals and groups in some cities are more...

The Impact Of Homicide Upon Public Confidence And Reassurance

February 17, 2019August 11, 2017 by admin

This research study investigates the impacts of homicides upon public confidence and reassurance. In particular it focuses upon how and why some crimes involving illegal death have a profound and widely distributed impact on how people think, feel and act in relation to their security, whereas other, ostensibly similar incidents, are far less consequential and cause less social harm. For the purposes of this study two key definitions are employed:

• Public confidence is conceived as a measure of perceptions, experiences and expectations of the police. • Reassurance measures broader levels of neighbourhood security.

The aim of this study is to provide an evidence base that can inform the development and improvement of current procedures for conducting community impact assessments. Based upon in-depth studies of community reactions following seven criminal homicides that varied in terms of their circumstances and situational contexts, the analysis identifies five ‘impact models’. These seek to capture the patterns present in relation to the breadth and depth..