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Police Civil Liability Lawsuits In California

February 17, 2019August 9, 2017 by admin

INTRODUCTION

This paper provides an overview of police civil liability issues in California under federal law (42 U.S.C. section 1983) and state law. Preliminary matters such as whether to remove the case to federal court, the pre-lawsuit claim requirement, and the applicable statute of limitations are discussed first. After reviewing the threshold liability issue of duty, including whether a “special relationship” with an officer arises, the paper turns to claims involving detention, arrest, search, use of force, retaliation, and discrimination. Liability issues arising out of cases involving taking a person into protective custody under Welfare and Institutions Code section 5150 are discussed in some detail in light of the recent cases of Hayes v. County of San Diego and Sheehan v. City and County of San Francisco. California civil rights laws that arise in police civil liability cases, such as Civil Code sections 51.7 and 52.1 and the California Constitution, are also discussed. The paper then turns to the defenses of

The Relationship Between Number Of Toys, Infant Distractibility, And Mothers’ Teaching Utterances

February 17, 2019August 9, 2017 by admin

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship among the number of toys in an infant’s play environment, infant’s distractibility, and how often a mother teaches her infant during a play session. This study takes samples from videotapes of 12-month old children playing with their mothers during a 5 minute free-play situation. Twenty-two mother and infant pairs were selected for this study based on their previous participation in a language study. The measures used in this study were: (1) the number of maternal teaching utterances to her infant; (2) the total number of utterances that mother used during the playsession with the child; (3) the number of toys that were visible in the room; (4) the factors that distracted the infant during the play session; and (5) the type of toy the infant choses to engage with.

Media Attention to Terrorist Attacks: Causes and Consequences

February 16, 2019August 9, 2017 by admin

Political movements that engage in terrorism typically have too few material resources personnel, funds, or territory under their control to achieve their goals through legitimate political action or large-scale organized violence (Fromkin, 1975). Terrorist attacks are part of an indirect strategy for achieving their political objectives by influencing an audience (Crenshaw, 1981). These terrorist groups differ in the audiences that they seek to influence and in the messages they seek to communicate to their chosen audiences (Kydd & Walter, 2006). Some use terrorism to convince opponents to concede to their demands. Other terrorist groups seek to provoke authorities into engaging in indiscriminate repression, which will undermine support for the government and justify the use of terrorist violence. Some use violence to demonstrate to current and potential supporters a capacity to deliver powerful blows against their opponents. Media attention is an important vehicle by which terrorists communicate with their audiences, and

Cover Feature: High-Rise Plumbing Design

December 24, 2018August 9, 2017 by admin

The reemergence of our core cities as more active and vibrant communities brings pressure and challenges to those who design buildings and their systems. !e density of buildings, tra"c, the scarcity of land, and a competitive spirit among developers are all factors that work together to push modern buildings higher. Sometimes, we envision high-rise buildings as towering sky- scrapers. While this is the romantic and not always incorrect vision, a “high” rise can be as short as eight to 10 #oor levels. !e National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) de$nes a high-rise building as a building with an occupied #oor that is 75 feet above the level where the $re$ghting apparatus would stage $re$ghting operations. !at low threshold requires several speci$c features to be designed into buildings to promote life safety and allow for emergency responders to safely and quickly access the higher levels of the building, thereby saving lives and considerable invested resources. With that fairly simple de$nition, all high-rise

Psychosocial Interventions In Workplace Mental Health Promotion: An Overview

February 15, 2019August 9, 2017 by admin

SUMMARY

A review based on the DataPrev final report concerning workplace mental health promotion is presented. Out of 4865 studies identified in a comprehensive bibliographical data search, 315 were selected for abstract screening and 79 were included in the final review. The studies were categorized in terms of their aims/expected outcomes and evaluated for quality on the grounds of their design and type of analysis. The most frequent aims were stress reduction and better coping, followed by increased job satisfaction and effectiveness, mental health enhancement and reduction in mental health-related absenteeism. In the 79 intervention studies, 99 outcome variables were measured using 163 instruments, mostly developed for the study purposes. Different intervention categories turned out to be used to attain the same aim, with skills training being the most popular (other approaches included improvement of occupational qualifications and working conditions, physical exercise, relaxation and multicomponent interventions). Among the few intervention programs that were implemented and evaluated in two or more studies, the Stress Inoculation Training

Characterizing Structural Relationships in Scenes Using Graph Kernels

February 15, 2019August 9, 2017 by admin

Abstract

Modeling virtual environments is a time consuming and expensive task that is becoming increasingly popular for both professional and casual artists. The model density and complexity of the scenes representing these virtual environments is rising rapidly. This trend suggests that data-mining a 3D scene corpus could be a very powerful tool enabling more efficient scene design. In this paper, we show how to represent scenes as graphs that encode models and their semantic relationships. We then define a kernel between these relationship graphs that compares common virtual substructures in two graphs and captures the similarity between their corresponding scenes. We apply this framework to several scene modeling problems, such as finding similar scenes, relevance feedback, and context-based model search. We show that incorporating structural relationships allows our method to provide a more relevant set of results when compared against previous approaches to model context search 1 Introduction A growing demand for massive virtual environments combined with increasingly powerful

Update on Geospatial Patterns of Precursor Behavior among Terrorists

February 15, 2019August 9, 2017 by admin

Introduction

As part of the Terrorism and Extremist Violence in the United States (TEVUS) database integration effort, researchers at the Terrorism Research Center in Fulbright College at the University of Arkansas and University of Oklahoma have been adding: 1) federal terrorism court cases and associated data and 2) incident and precursor geospatial data from these court cases to the American Terrorism Study (ATS) in order to examine geospatial patterns in terrorist behavior and determine if the patterns identified in earlier studies have changed significantly. The ATS allows examination of a number of different units of analysis. Analyses may examine: (1) characteristics of federal terrorism court cases; (2) the characteristics of persons indicted in each court case or involved in incidents, otherwise referred to as indictees; (3) characteristics of incidents and planned incidents; and (4) precursor activities that lead up to the incident and are necessary to carry it out and/or achieve the goals of the persons or groups.

Evil Done Vulnerability Assessment: Examining Terrorist Targets Through Situational Crime Prevention

February 15, 2019August 9, 2017 by admin

Background

Historically, a major focus of the government and society has been placed on public safety and crime prevention at the individual or micro-level; more recently, however, the focus has been placed upon protecting large clusters of society at the macrolevel. Following the events of September 11th, 2001, national attention has been captivated by terrorism and terrorism prevention. Between 1970 and 2011, there have been 104,689 documented cases of terrorism around the world, 2,362 of which occurred in the United States. These terrorist attacks have resulted in 228,526 fatalities, 299,202 injured persons, and billions of dollars in property damage (Global Terrorism Database, 2012). Parallel to this time of increased focus on terrorism prevention, adequate funding to support new departments or increased terrorism prevention efforts in existing departments was unattainable (Leson, 2005). It was, and still is, unrealistic to expect local, state, or federal authorities to fund additional personnel and equipment in addition to their daily costly behaviors

Economic Terror: Market Manifestations of Terror Attacks

February 15, 2019August 9, 2017 by admin

In the recent past, we have paid painful witness to terrorism’s capacity to harm the United States financial sector. While the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center and attempt on the Pentagon (9/11) are perhaps most commonly viewed as unprecedented physical terror attacks, they also exemplify an economic attack. Besides the immeasurable value of lives lost in the attack, there were also grave financial costs. The price of terrorism is something that is becoming more of an issue in a largely connected financial market. Where once, we worried about finance being used to support terrorism, there is now a clearer concern about the financial impact of terrorist attacks. The question is: if terrorists have noticed this, could they use this information to “doubledown” on the damage they cause?

A. FINANCING OF TERROR

The direct property damages of 9/11 are estimated at over $20 billion.The abstract cost, or opportunity cost, is estimated at around

Policing Terrorists in the Community

February 14, 2019August 9, 2017 by admin

Abstract

This paper provides an economic analysis of illegal sports bookmaking using detailed records from six bookmakers who operated in the 1990s. These operations are structured like standard firms and utilize incentive contracts to induce appropriate employee behavior. The bookmakers offer prices which closely follow the geographically separated legal market, but larger operations price discriminate based on individual betting patterns. Despite the availability of inexpensive hedging instruments, all operations take on substantial financial risk. This implies the bookmakers cannot be risk-averse and must hold large cash reserves. The risk-adjusted profit rate is lower than in legal financial markets. These results and behaviors are consistent with standard models of economic self interest

1 Introduction

Gambling is ubiquitous in the United States. Due to the spread of state lotteries and casinos, legalized gambling is currently available in all but two states. In 1998 sixty-eight percent of Americans reported gambling at least once, and in total they lost over $50 billion to legal gambling operations

Are Titles Of Books Copyright?

February 14, 2019August 9, 2017 by admin

Previous to the existing Copyright Act of 1909 the statutes required, as a prerequisite to obtaining copyright, the deposit of a printed title on or before publication of the work, and the copyright began to run from the date of recording the title. From the importance thus given to filing the title, it became, and still continues, not uncommon for lawyers as well as laymen to speak loosely of "copyrighting" the title of a work. But more than. this, we find in even so classic a treatise as George Ticknor Curtis' "Law of Copyright" the opinion expressed that if the registered title of a book is descriptive of its individuality, and if the effect of its subsequent adoption by another, even for a book wholly dissimilar in other respects, be to mislead the public in their purchases, "then there seems to be no good reason why it should not be regarded as an infringement of the copyright."'

An Analysis of Fraud: Causes, Prevention, and Notable Cases

February 14, 2019August 9, 2017 by admin

I. Background

a. What is accounting and what role does financial reporting serve?

Accounting is often referred to as the language of business because it facilitates the communication of the financial position of a company in an easily comparable way that various users can understand. In simple terms, accounting involves setting up, maintaining, and reviewing the accounting records of a company in order to properly understand its financial position. There are many users, both internal and external, of the accounting records of an entity. Internal users typically refer to management, while external users refers to investors and lenders. Due to these various users, it is very important that the financial reporting provides a fair representation of the financial position of the company and that the company is disclosing all important financial information they are required to. Without strict oversight and regulations, stakeholders of public companies are susceptible to great risk. As stated in Objective 2 of FASB Concept

The Commercial Monopoly in Sports Mega-Events

February 14, 2019August 9, 2017 by admin

[The world football governing body was] not driven by any selfless goal of global equity within FIFA, more by the entrepreneurial motivation and machiavellian global networking of FIFA’s bosses and their business allies … In such contexts and circumstances, global markets for sports business and for major sponsors have expanded with little or no reference to the wider constituencies of sport, or to the ruling forum of individual sports organisations. Benefits may have accrued to under-resourced areas of the football world, but such expansion has been driven by the commercial interests of an incestuous network of sports leaders, administrators and commercial entrepreneurs.

1 Introduction These are challenging times for those who roam the corridors of power in the highest echelons of international sport, with some international sports federations (notably the two biggest players, the International Olympic Committee and FIFA) having experienced crises of governance and well publicised allegations of corruption and mismanagement in the past decade or so. The Salt Lake City Olympic

Collapse Simulation of RC High-Rise Building Induced by Extreme Earthquakes

February 14, 2019August 9, 2017 by admin

ABSTRACT

Collapse resistance of high-rise buildings has become a research focus due to frequent occurrence of strong earthquakes and terrorist attacks in recent years. Research development has demonstrated that numerical simulation is becoming one of the most powerful tools for collapse analysis in addition to the conventional laboratory model tests and post-earthquake investigations. In this paper, a finite element (FE) method based numerical model encompassing fiber-beam element model, multi-layer shell model and elemental deactivation technique is proposed to predict collapse process of high-rise buildings subjected to extreme earthquake. The potential collapse processes are simulated for a simple 10-story reinforced concrete (RC) frame and two existing RC high-rise buildings of 18-story and 20-story frame-core tube systems. The influences of different failure criteria used are discussed in some detail. The analysis results indicate that the proposed numerical model is capable of simulating collapse process of existing high-rise buildings by identifying potentially weak components of the structure that may induce collapse. The study outcome will be

Subject: Counter-Improvised Explosive Devices: Multiple DOD Organizations are Developing Numerous Initiatives

February 14, 2019August 9, 2017 by admin

Subject: Counter-Improvised Explosive Devices: Multiple DOD Organizations are

Developing Numerous Initiatives

Improvised explosive devices (IEDs) are the enemy's weapon of choice (e.g., 16,500 IEDs were detonated or discovered being used against U.S. forces in Afghanistan in 2011) and, according to the Department of Defense (DOD) will probably be a mainstay in any present and future conflict given their low cost to develop coupled with their potential for strategic impact. Multiple DOD components, including the military services, have been pursuing counter-IED (C-IED) efforts leading up to June 2005 when DOD established the Joint IED Defeat Task Force followed in 2006 with the establishment of the Joint IED Defeat Organization (JIEDDO) to lead and coordinate all DOD actions to defeat IEDs. From fiscal years 2006 through 2011, JIEDDO has received over $18 billion in funding;2 however, DOD has funded other C-IED efforts outside of JIEDDO, including $40 billion for Mine Resistant Ambush Protected vehicles.

Corruption in Law Enforcement: A Paradigm of Occupational Stress and Deviancy

February 14, 2019August 9, 2017 by admin

In the closed society of a law enforcement agency, factors such as the conspiracy of silence, authoritarian supervision, and police discretion contribute to corruption. This article describes various types of corrupt behavior by police officers, reports the incidence of corruption in law enforcement agencies, discusses psychiatric conditions that may arise from corruption and also contribute to further corruption, and reviews proposed remedies for corruption. It also suggests that an understanding of corruption in law enforcement might be helpful in understanding, correcting, and preventing corruption in other professions, including medicine

Police officers are both respected and suspected, hated and loved, feared and courted for favor, maligned and praised. They wield tremendous power and are capable of depriving others of their freedom, their reputations, and their lives.' Most of us assume, in our dealings with police officers, that they are all competent, honest, professional, and psychologically stable. This is true of the majority of officers, but there are also officers who are dishonest,