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Control And Function Of Arm Swing In Human Walking And Running

February 15, 2019August 7, 2017 by admin

INTRODUCTION

Arm swing is a distinctive readily apparent characteristic of human walking and running. Our arms tend to swing out of phase with our legs, the right arm swinging forward with the left leg and vice versa. Although it has long been established that the arms do not swing as simple, unrestrained pendulums (Elftman, 1939; Fernandez Ballesteros et al., 1965; Jackson et al., 1978; Hinrichs, 1987; Ohsato, 1993; Webb et al., 1994; Gutnik et al., 2005), the extent to which the shoulder muscles actively drive the arms, and the effect of arm swing on stability and economy during walking and running are poorly understood. In this paper, we examined the control of arm swing during walking and running, and investigated the effect of restricting arm swing on stability and metabolic cost. In a seminal study examining the movements of the torso and arms during walking, Elftman suggested that the arms did not move as simple pendulums, but instead were driven by muscle activation

The Relationship Between Arm Movement and Walking Stability in Bipedal Walking

February 14, 2019August 7, 2017 by admin

Abstract.

The research about the bipedal locomotion is advanced in all fields at present. To the research of those fields, a quantitative analysis of human’s walking characteristic is indispensable. However, bipedal locomotion analysis has been performed focusing on lower limbs, and, as for research of the arm swing operation is not performed nevertheless it importance is generally told. The reason for it is to be assumed that the arm is not a necessary a part for locomotion. But it can be guessed that the arm swing operation having done a certain role about the stability of a walk which is very unstable physically. When running, the human clearly draws the arm greatly and quickly. This suggests the arm swing operation is related with the change of walking form and the move speed of the locomotion, and it influences the stability of a walk. This method becomes the useful analysis technique also not only to the above mentioned research but to the

Killing The Beloved: Homicide Between Adult Sexual Intimates

February 14, 2019August 6, 2017 by admin

When a couple marry and repeat their vows, often including the preceding lines, who would imagine that for some of them the 'death' that will sever the marital tie would be the result of the other's action? That one day, perhaps in a moment of rage, the once beloved partner will pick up a gun or knife and kill. Just in a nine-month period, a spate of these tragic acts, which included the suicide of the offender (and thus received a good deal of publicity), took place throughout Australia: October 1990, Sydney, man kills his wife, mother-in-law and himself; December 1990, Canberra, estranged husband killed wife, two children and himself; January 1991, Adelaide, woman and three children killed, husband missing; January 1991, Brisbane, estranged husband kills former de facto, father-in-law, his 11-month old baby and himself; May 1991, Adelaide, man kills his defacto and himself; June 1991, Tasmania, man kills his girlfriend and himself....

Tackling Youth Knife Crime

February 18, 2019August 6, 2017 by admin

introduction

We are determined to get knives off our streets. One incident is one too many. The Tackling Knives Action Programme (TKAP) was developed by the Home Office, working closely with other government departments and key stakeholders including local government, police forces, community groups and practitioners in affected local areas. TKAP will sustain and build on existing cross government and community work; this includes the lessons learned and success achieved by the Tackling Gangs Action Programme and Youth Crime Action Plan (YCAP) to reduce the number of teenagers killed or seriously wounded and increase public confidence that our streets are safe. The first phase of TKAP was launched by the Prime Minister and Home Secretary on 5 June 2008. In the first nine months we focused nearly £7 million of resources on rapid, concentrated work to tackle teenage knife crime in 14 areas of the country. In March 2009 TKAP was extended for a further year,

Symbolic, Relational, and Ideological Signifiers of Bias-Motivated Offenders: Toward a Strategy of Assessment

February 18, 2019August 6, 2017 by admin

Hate crimes constitute a special class of violence. In the United States, since the enactment of federal hate crime laws in 1990, bias-motivated crimes have garnered national attention. Although social psychological research concerning hate crimes has provided insight into the factors that lead to intergroup violence (Ehrlich, 1992; Green, Glaser, & Rich, 1998; Herek, Gillis, Cogan, & Glunt, 1996), information concerning individual difference variables of bias offenders is to date unavailable. There is significant debate about whether an offender’s bias motivation can be reliably identified (Sullaway, in press). This has led some theorists to argue for the repeal of hate crime laws altogether (Jacobs & Potter, 1998). The successful prosecution of the bias-motivated offender requires that there is a discernible behavioral and volitional component present in the offense. This is essential if the offense is to meet the standard of legal intent, as defined under state and federal laws (Levin, 1999). Determining the validity of the bias motivation is compromised by the

Missing Persons Investigations Guidelines & Curriculum

February 17, 2019August 6, 2017 by admin

Investigating a missing person case can be one of the most challenging assignments you will handle in your career. The officer responding to a missing person call is in many cases responding to a situation where the reason for an individual’s disappearance is unknown. The officer will have to consider a number of variables when dealing with a missing person investigation that has no obvious reason for a person’s disappearance. Was the individual involved in an accident? Did the individual meet with foul play? Did a stranger abduct a young child? Has a young child met with tragedy while exploring an attractive danger such as a pool, creek, abandoned car or refrigerator? Even in a known runaway situation is the cause of the juvenile running away due to physical, sexual, or emotional abuse by an authority figure in the home? Has the runaway been lured into a life of gangs and/or prostitution? A missing person investigation can become a “high

Law Enforcement Infrastructure Challenges

February 16, 2019August 6, 2017 by admin

Law enforcement in the United States in neither centrally directed nor homogenous. As such, it does not readily fit the definition of infrastructure set out in the report of the Critical Infrastructure Working Group. Local, State and Federal law enforcement agencies have their own (and sometimes unique) geographic and statutory jurisdictions, as well as operating procedures that may or may not overlap or coincide. The Attorney General is the chief Federal law enforcement officer and has authority to oversee the activities of Federal law enforcement agencies and Federal efforts to provide assistance to local law enforcement authorities. However, no Federal authority exists to oversee the activities of non-Federal law enforcement agencies. Because of the diversity and redundancy of the U.S. law enforcement structure, there appears to be almost no realistic vulnerability or group of vulnerabilities that could debilitate the entire law enforcement system through physical attack. This said, there are four areas examined in this paper which may prove to be

Forensic Science and the Charles Manson Murders

February 15, 2019August 6, 2017 by admin

The capture and conviction of Charles Manson took over one and a half years to complete. Within this time period many law enforcement officers and forensics professionals put in countless numbers of hours collecting, preserving and testing the physical evidence they found. In addition, the forensics practices used in this case as well as the police investigation techniques serve as a valuable lesson for those in these fields today. In this paper we will look at some of the crimes that were committed by the Manson Family, the mishandled investigation that followed and the forensic techniques used to aid (and sometimes hinder the efforts) in obtaining convictions against those involved. The first five murders, later to be called the "Tate" murders, occurred in a house high above the city of Los Angeles. One victim (Steven Parent) was found in his car outside the house and he had been shot four times and stabbed once. Another two victims (Abigail Folger and Voytek Frykowski) were

Distinguishing Between True and False Confessions

November 9, 2018August 6, 2017 by admin

The impact of a confession on a jury in a capital case is so powerful that a defense attorney who does not attempt to suppress it risks charges of providing inadequate counsel. While there are legal safeguards afforded a defendant at trial to refute the voluntariness or trustworthiness of a professed confession, a false confession should be recognized long before it is entered into evidence against an innocent defendant. Ultimately there responsibility of determining whether a confession is true or false falls upon the investigator who obtained it.A widely known critic of police interrogation addressed an audience and stated that in his years of reviewing confessions he has seen both non-coerced reliable confessions and confessions from innocent people who were convinced by the police that they were guilty. He went on to state that if he distributed ten of those confessions to everyone in the audience and had them place the confessions into two piles, five of which were true confessions and five of which were false...

Criminal Profiling from Crime Scene Analysis

February 14, 2019August 6, 2017 by admin

INTRODUCTION: HISTORY OF CRIMINAL PROFILING

Criminal profiling has been used successfully by law enforcement in several areas and is a valued means by which to narrow the field of investigation. Profiling does not provide the specific identity of the offender. Rather, it indicates the kind of person most likely to have committed a crime by focusing on certain behavioral and personality characteristics. Profiling techniques have been used in various settings such as hostage taking (Reiser. 1982). Law enforcement officers need to learn as much as possible about the hostage taker in order to protect the lives of the hostages. In such cases, police are aided by verbal contact (although often limited) with the offender and possibly by access to his family and friends. They must be able to assess the subject in terms of what course of action he is likely to take and what his reactions to various stimuli might be. Profiling has been used also in identifying anonymous letter writers (Casey-Owens 1983) and

Police-Induced Confessions: Risk Factors and Recommendations

March 5, 2019August 6, 2017 by admin

Abstract

Recent DNA exonerations have helped shed light on the problem of false confessions and the empirical fact that innocent people sometimes confess to crimes they did not commit. Drawing on past and current police practices, laws concerning the admissibility of confession evidence in court, relevant core principles of psychology, and forensic studies involving an array of empirical methodologies, this White Paper summarizes much of what we know about police-induced confessions. AS part of this review, we identify dispositional suspect characteristics (e.g., adolescence; intellectual disability; mental illness, and certain personality traits), interrogation tactics (e.g., excessive interrogation time; presentations of false evidence; minimization), and the phenomenology of innocence (e.g., the tendency to waive Miranda rights) that can influence the reliability of confessions, as well as their effects on judges, juries, and other decision makers. This article concludes with a strong recommendation for the mandatory videotaping of interrogations and considers other possibilities...

Classifying Crimes by Severity: From Aggravators to Depravity

December 27, 2018August 6, 2017 by admin

Crime classification, indeed this manual, underlines the oft-overlooked reality that each murder, rape, arson, and other criminal act distinguishes itself. Contract killing is quite obviously different from sexual homicide, for example. Crime-solving considerations force investigators to appreciate the differences between offenses according to the perpetrator’s background, crime scene evidence, victimology, and forensic findings. Distinguishing subtypes of crime enables various organs of law enforcement to effect justice. “Justice.” What does that word truly signify? To be involved in the justice system is to be humbled by one’s discrete role in a process that extends well beyond a suspect’s arrest. Is justice served merely when a suspect is taken into custody? What if a manslaughter is charged as a murder? What if a cold-blooded killer is prosecuted as a battered woman? Is that justice? Obviously not. Nor is it “justice” to presume that even within all subtypes of offenders, each is as blameworthy as the next. Each of us who impart our experiences in this text viscerally

Impulsive versus Premeditated Aggression: Implications for Mens Rea Decisions

February 14, 2019August 6, 2017 by admin

Science can provide more information about the nature of aggressive acts, and therefore the mens rea of criminal offenses, than is commonly assumed. For example, progress has been made in classifying aggression as impulsive or premeditated within the context of the role of conscious experience in controlling behavior. This review of the status of the scientific ability to distinguish conscious from unconscious acts and more specifically impulsive from premeditated aggressive acts is organized around four themes: (i) How is aggression defined and measured in general? (ii) How does the distinction between impulsive and premeditated aggression relate to the legal concept of mens rea? (iii) How do various scientific disciplines con-tribute to the mind/body discourse? (iv) What risk factors are associated with impulsive and premeditated aggression respectively? The authors conclude that the most promising approach to researching the nature of behavioral intention and motivation is to apply a discipline neutral model that integrates the data from multiple disciplines, collectively designated the cognitive neurosciences. Copyright#2003 John...

The Forensics of Blood

February 19, 2019August 6, 2017 by admin

After a homicide or an assault has been committed, police investigators usually find blood at the scene of the crime, giving them clues as to what happened. The blood’s texture and shape and how it is distributed around the victim often help investigators determine when the crime was committed, whether the crime was preceded by a fight between individuals, and which weapon was used say, a knife, a gun, or an object used to hit a person. But criminals have tried many ways to hide, clean up, and remove blood evidence. For example, what looks like blood may be another substance placed there by the criminal to mislead police investigators. Also, some criminals clean up the blood from the crime scene or move the victim’s body somewhere else, making it harder to reconstruct what really happened. To take these potential scenarios into account, forensic scientists who apply the latest scientific discoveries to law have developed techniques that can tell whether the

Logic and Research Versus Intuition and Past Practice as Guides to Gathering and Evaluating Eyewitness Evidence

February 18, 2019August 6, 2017 by admin

Like many issues in the psychology–law area, when it comes to eyewitness evidence, researchers see an obvious opportunity to help solve a problem—in this case, to maximize the rate of accurate information and identification decisions while at the same time minimizing the rate of mistakes. Psychology is especially well suited to this task, given its interest in the psychological aspects of eyewitness evidence, such as attention (e.g., studying an assailant’s face while being assaulted vs. learning only later that a bank customer committed fraud by passing a bad check), perception (e.g., of color, distance, height, speed), memory (e.g., length of retention interval, interference, source monitoring), decision making (e.g., determining the odds of a witness choosing a suspect by chance), interpersonal communication (e.g., witness interviews), and attribution theory (e.g., a witness wonders why she has been asked a particular question or shown a particular lineup). So, to address the legal system’s “problem,”...