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Origin and Function of the CIA: The “Cult of Intelligence”

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The CIA was created at the outset of the Cold War by Truman's National Security Act of 1947. That Act was a response to Yalta, and to the general pervasive fear that, after WW II, the greatest threat to world peace was the communists. The CIA was mostly formed out of the reorganized OSS (Office of Strategic Services) which coordinated espionage and intelligence activities against the Nazis. (However, anti-communism was an overarching concern for the new agency, which enlisted some of its old enemies against a previous ally: many former Nazis functionaries, such as Richard Gehlen, were enlisted into the CIA spy network in Eastern Europe.) The mission the CIA was expressly charged with was the centralization and coordination of all the data from the intelligence agencies of the government - namely, those associated with the branches of the military service; and after 1952, the National Security Agency, Defense Intelligence Agency, National Reconaissance Office, and the intelligence activities of the Atomic Energy Commission, State Department, ...

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Chapter 15 Maxwell’s Silver Hammer | Invisible Warfare

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The Soviets have led the way in learning about the risks of electropollution, and, as we have seen, they've apparently been the first to harness those dangers for malicious intent. However, the spectrum of potential weapons extends far beyond the limits of the Moscow signal, and Americans have been actively exploring some of them for many years. Most or all of the following EMR effects can be scaled up or down for use against individuals or whole crowds and armies:

The crudest of these armaments would be a sort of electromagnetic flamethrower with a greater range than chemical types. Dogs were cooked to death in experiments at the Naval Medical Research Institute as long ago as 1955, and high-power transmitters using short UHF wavelengths can severely burn exposed skin in seconds.

Electrmagnetic pulse (EMP) is a term designating the immensely powerful, near-instantaneous surge of electromagnetic energy produced by a nuclear explosion. It was first discovered in the late 1960s. The EMP from one detonation

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CIA | A Report On Communist Brainwashing

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The report that follows is a condensation of a study by training experts of the important classified and unclassified information available on this subject. BACKGROUND Brainwashing, as a technique, has been used for centuries and is no mystery to psychologists. In this sense, brainwashing means involuntary re-education of basic beliefs and values. All people are being re-educated continually. New information changes one's beliefs. Everyone has experienced to some degree the conflict that ensues when new information is not consistent with prior belief. The experience of the brainwashed individual differs in that the inconsistent information is forced upon the individual under controlled conditions after the possibility of critical judgment has been removed by a variety of methods. There is no question that an individual can be broken psychologically by captors with knowledge and willingness to persist in techniques aimed at deliberately destroying the integration of a personality. Although it is probable that everyone reduced to such a confused, disoriented state will respond to the introduction...

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John St. Clair Akwei vs. NSA, Ft. Meade, MD, USA

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Domestic Intelligence (DOMINT)

The NSA has records on all U.S. citizens. The NSA gathers information on U.S. citizens who might be of interest to any of the over 50,000 NSA agents (HUMINT). These agents are authorized by executive order to spy on anyone. The NSA has a permanent National Security Anti-Terrorist surveillance network in place. This surveillance network is completely disguised and hidden from the public.

Tracking individuals in the U.S. is easily and cost-effectively implemented with the NSA's electronic surveillance network. This network (DOMINT) covers the entire U.S., involves tens of thousands of NSA personnel, and tracks millions of persons simultaneously. Cost effective implementation of operations is assured by NSA computer technology designed to minimize operations costs.

NSA personnel serve in Quasi-public positions in their communities and run cover businesses and legitimate businesses that can inform the intelligence community of persons they would want to track. N.S.A. personnel in the community usually have cover identities such as social workers, lawyers and business owners...

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Overcoming The Bondage Of Victimization

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A Critical Evaluation of Cult Mind Control Theories

By Bob and Gretchen Passantino

Permission is granted for non-commercial replication of or excerpting from this material, provided (1) that appropriate notice is included of its copyright status, as above, and (2) that an appropriate reference to the Answers In Action name, address and phone number be included with all replicated and excerpted material.

This article first appeared in Cornerstone Magazine

"You've got to get my daughter back," Margaret pleaded. "She was such a beautiful girl, such a good student! It's like she's another person. She used to think for herself, she used to spend time with us. Now her whole life is consumed by the Center. Please help us -- I don't care what it costs or how long it takes!"

Margaret's adult daughter had joined a religious cult, and she was now talking to an exit counselor, a professional who specialized in "interventions" for persons supposedly trapped under mind control in cultic movements...

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Remote Mind Control Technology

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There had been an ongoing controversy over health effects of electromagnetic fields (EMF) for years (e.g., extremely low frequency radiation and the Navy's Project Seafarer; emissions of high power lines and video display terminals; radar and other military and industrial sources of radio frequencies and microwaves, such as plastic sealers and molders). Less is known of Department of Defense (DOD) and Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) interest in anti-personnel applications of the invisible energies. The ability of certain parameters of EMF; to cause health effects, including neurological and behavioral disturbances, has been part of the military and CIA arsenal for years.

Capabilities of the energies to cause predictable and exploitable effects or damages can be gleaned from discussion of health effects from environmental exposures. Interestingly, some scientists funded by the DOD or CIA to research and develop invisible electromagnetic weapons have voiced strong concern (perhaps even superior knowledge or compensatory to guilt) over potentially serious consequences of environmental exposures.

Eldon Byrd who worked for Naval Surface Weapons,...

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Acid Dreams | The CIA, LSD and the Sixties Rebellion

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In the spring of 1942, General William "Wild Bill" Donovan, chief of the OSS, the CIA's wartime predecessor, assembled a half-dozen prestigious American scientists and asked them to undertake a top-secret research program. Their mission, Donovan explained, was to develop a speech-inducing drug for use in intelligence interrogations. He insisted that the need for such a weapon was so acute as to warrant any and every attempt to find it.

The use of drugs by secret agents had long been a part of cloak-and-dagger folklore, but this would be the first concerted attempt on the part of an American espionage organization to modify human behavior through chemical means. "We were not afraid to try things that had never been done before," asserted Donovan, who was known for his freewheeling and unconventional approach to the spy trade. The OSS chief pressed his associates to come up with a substance that could break down the psychological defenses of enemy spies and POWs, thereby causing an uninhibited disclosure of

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Eyewitness Evidence Improving Its Probative Value

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SUMMARY

The criminal justice system relies heavily on eyewitnesses to determine the facts surrounding criminal events. Eyewitnesses may identify culprits, recall conversations, or remember other details. An eyewitness who has no motive to lie is a powerful form of evidence for jurors, especially if the eyewitness appears to be highly confident about his or her recollection. In the absence of definitive proof to the contrary, the eyewitness’s account is generally accepted by police, prosecutors, judges, and juries. However, the faith the legal system places in eyewitnesses has been shaken recently by the advent of forensic DNA testing. Given the right set of circumstances, forensic DNA testing can prove that a person who was convicted of a crime is, in fact, innocent. Analyses of DNA exoneration cases since 1992 reveal that mistaken eyewitness identification was involved in the vast majority of these convictions, accounting for more convictions of innocent people than all other factors combined. We review the latest figures on these DNA exonerations and explain why these...

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The Experts Aren’t Reliable Either: Why Expert Testimony on the Reliability of Eyewitness Testimony is Unwarranted in Alabama State Courts

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Introduction

Over the past twenty years, the legal community and the American public have witnessed the exposure of several cases of wrongful convictions in the past through the use of DNA evidence and other modern scientific techniques exonerating the accused. This has lead to the founding of several organizations designed to combat wrongful convictions and to lobby for the correction of the factors contributing to such convictions, as well as investigations and recommendations concerning criminal procedural safeguards and other measures by federal and state authorities. One factor consistently identified as problematic is erroneous eyewitness testimony or identification, which is found to be a factor in over two-thirds of the documented cases of wrongful conviction in the United States. Commentators, courts, and others have offered several approaches to the problem of faulty eyewitness identifications, ranging from the exclusion of questionable eyewitness testimony altogether to the prohibition of any conviction based solely on uncorroborated eyewitness testimony. Another suggested solution and recent trend of the criminal...

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The Effects of Witness Viewpoint Distance Angle and Choice on Eyewitness Accuracy in Police Lineups Conducted in Immersive Virtual Environments

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Abstract

The current study investigated the value of using immersive virtual environment technology as a tool for assessing eyewitness identification. Participants witnessed a staged crime and then examined sequential lineups within immersive virtual environments that contained 3D virtual busts of the suspect and six distractors. Participants either had unlimited viewpoints of the busts in terms of angle and distance, or a unitary view at only a single angle and distance. Furthermore, participants either were allowed to choose the angle and distance of the viewpoints they received, or were given viewpoints without choice. Results demonstrated that unlimited viewpoints improved accuracy in suspect-present lineups but not in suspect-absent lineups. Furthermore, across conditions, post-hoc measurements demonstrated that when the chosen view of the suspect during the lineup was similar to the view during the staged crime in terms of distance, accuracy improved. Finally, participants were more accurate in suspect-absent lineups than in suspect-present lineups. Implications of the findings in terms of theories of...

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False Assumptions Regarding Eyewitness Memory and Perception

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I. Background.

It has been estimated that each year approximately 77,000 individuals are arrested in the United States as suspects in cases where the principal evidence against the defendant is testimony from eyewitnesses (Goldstein, Chance, & Schneller, 1989). In a study of 500 cases where a felony conviction was set aside because of clear and convincing new evidence, 60 percent of the cases hinged around eyewitness identifications (Huff, Rattner, & Sagarin, 1986). A similar result was obtained from a sample of 205 additional such cases (Rattner, 1988). In a 1986 survey of judges, prosecutors, and lawenforcement professionals, 8 out of 10 respondents concluded that, in their experience, witness error was the most common sourceof wrongful conviction (Huff et al., 1986). Wells (1993) has documented 1,000 additional such cases since 1986. Even Thucydides (411 BC.), perhaps the first oral historian known, remarked that his history of the Peloponesian War was laborious because the accounts of eyewitnesses to the same event varied so greatly. Legal scholar and...

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Eyewitnesses Experts and Jurors: Improving The Quality of Jury Decision Making in Eyewitness Cases

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In recent years it has been increasingly common for criminal defense attorneys to challenge the reliability of eyewitness identifications through the introduction of expert psychological testimony concerning problems of eyewitness identification. The acceptance of expert psychological testimony on issues associated with eyewitness memory is source of heated debate (McCloskey & Egeth, 1986). Much of the debate centers around three issues raised by lawyers and psychologists who oppose the introduction of expert eyewitness testimony: (1) is there a adequate scientific base of knowledge upon which to base expert testimony; (2) is psychological knowledge about eyewitness memory beyond the ken of the jury; and (3) what are the effects of expert psychological testimony on jury decision making? In this essay we report the results of several studies we and our colleagues have conducted in an effort to answer these questions. The Quality of the Research on which Expert Testimony is Based Some psychologists doubt that the existing body of research and theory on human memory...

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Eyewitness Lineups: Is the Appearance-Change Instruction a Good Idea?

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The Department of Justice’s Guide for lineups recommends warning eyewitnesses that the culprit’s appearance might have changed since the time of the crime. This appearance-change instruction (ACI) has never been empirically tested. A video crime with four culprits was viewed by 289 participants who then attempted to identify the culprits from four 6-person arrays that either included or did not include the cul-prit. Participants either received the ACI or not and all were warned that the culprit might or might not be in the arrays. The culprits varied in how much their appearance changed from the video to their lineup arrays, but the ACI did not improve identi- fication decisions for any of the lineups. Collapsed over the four culprits, the ACI increased false alarms and filler identifications but did not increase culprit identifi- cations. The ACI reduced confidence and increased response latency. Two processes that could account for these results are discussed, namely a decision criterion shift and a general increase in ecphoric similarity...

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Eyewitness Memory for People and Events

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Abstract

The two primary aspects of eyewitness testimony, namely, memory for events and memory for people, are reviewed. The chapter utilizes a metaphor that likens eyewitness memory to trace evidence. Like other types of trace evidence (e.g., crime scene blood, fibers), a major concern exists regarding how the evidence is collected. Research on memory for events is reviewed with respect to misinformation effects, planting false childhood memories, the influence of imagination on memory reports, and other suggestive procedures. Research on memory for people is reviewed with respect to variables that affect identification accuracy (such as lineup structure) and the process governing lineup identifications (relative judgments). A classification scheme is introduced that partitions eyewitness identification variables into the categories of general impairment variables versus suspect‐bias variables and crosses this categorization scheme with other categorization schemes (e.g., system versus estimator variables, witness characteristics versus event characteriuh uh ustics). The general thesis of the chapter is that eyewitness memory evidence needs to be collect

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Cutaneous Complications of Intravenous Drug Abuse

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Summary
Injection drug abuse is a world-wide problem responsible for numerous minor to life-threatening and fatal complications. The skin is the tissue most evidently affected by intravenous drug addiction. A wide spectrum of cutaneous complications may occur in intravenous drug users. These include acute or delayed local complications, hypersensitivity reactions, cutaneous manifestations of systemic infections or becoming the site of toxigenic infections. Between 1996 and 2001, in our institution in south-eastern France, we observed cutaneous complications after crushed buprenorphine tablet injections in 13 patients. This paper reviews and classifies adverse effects of parenteral drug abuse on the skin.

Introduction
Injection drug abuse is a world-wide problem responsible for numerous minor to life-threatening and fatal complications.[1] These complications depend mainly on the drug, the dose injected, the method of delivery, the site of injection and the presence of infectious agents. Overdose and the transmission of blood-borne infections such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis viruses B and C through sharing unsterile injection equipment are well known ...

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Description and Recognition of an Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest in an Emergency Call

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The first link in the chain of survival,1 early call, includes the dispatchers’ recognition of a cardiac arrest. It takes a relatively long time for the emergency medical dispatcher to recognize a cardiac arrest. In Seattle, the average recognition time from the start of the call to the start of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) instructions is 75 seconds. Factors contributing to no or delayed recognition of cardiac arrest include vague description of breathing and agonal breathing, unnecessary questions, and little experience in call taking.2–5 As a result, dispatching may be unduly delayed, the wrong level of ambulance is sent, and no telephone CPR instructions are offered.6 Current guidelines call for CPR in unconscious patients when breathing is not normal.7 A similar rule is applied in dispatcher protocols to recognize a cardiac arrest for ambulance dispatch and telephone-instructed CPR. In 1986, Eisenberg et al8 suggested almost 100% sensitivity when those questions were asked to identify a cardiac arrest. However, this was never confirmed by other studies....

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