Blog - Page 12 of 100 - searchfortruth.info

TheDecision to Give Up Crime

February 19, 2019September 22, 2017 by admin

It is an understatement to say that the relationship between age and crime is fairly close. Let us recall three facts: First, the rate of arrests according to age starts a sharp decline at the end of adolescence. Second, among adult recidivists a reduction in criminal activity takes place with aging (Glueck and Glueck, 1937). Third, according to Blumstein and Cohen (1982:50), the total duration of the career of persons convicted for index crimes and who started crime at 18 years of age was 5.6 years. We must add, however, that this average hides important variations: There are offenders who start their adult career at 18 and end it in their forties. These findings would be inconceivable if desistance from crime were not a frequent occurrence. Offenders give up crime almost as often as they get into it. To die a criminal, one would almost have to die a violent death...

Occupational Health Guideline for Phenyl Ether

February 19, 2019September 26, 2017 by admin

Basis for original (SCP) IDLH: No evidence of an IDLH for phenyl ether exists in the available toxicological data. Patty [1963] reported that phenyl ether’s vapors do not present a toxicological problem, but may be a nuisance because of its disagreeableness. For this draft technical standard, therefore, respirators have been selected on the basis of the assigned protection factor afforded by each device up to 100 ´ the OSHA PEL of 1 ppm (i.e., 100 ppm); only the “most protective” respirators are permitted for use in concentrations exceeding 100 ppm. High concentrations of the vapor are unlikely to be encountered in the workplace because of its high boiling point and low vapor pressure....

See Also: : CDC Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations (IDLH)

Criminal Profiling

February 19, 2019August 1, 2017 by admin

Criminal Profiling: The Original Mind Hunters

The FBI formed its Behavioral Science Unit in 1974 to study serial predators. Since then, the art and craft of criminal profiling have become the subject of numerous books, TV shows and iconic films such as The Silence of the Lambs.

Continuing the trend, the Netflix series Mindhunter explores the early efforts of the FBI to understand and profile serial killers. Mindhunter is based in part on the writings of best-selling author Mark Olshaker and legendary FBI profiler John Douglas.

John Douglas is one of several pioneering FBI agents, along with the late Robert Ressler and Roy Hazelwood, who essentially invented computer-based, modern-day criminal profiling in the 1980s.

What exactly is profiling?

Profiling, or criminal investigative analysis, as it is called by the FBI, involves the investigation of a crime with the hope of identifying the responsible party, based on crime scene analysis, investigative psychology and behavioral science.

Additional Reading... Criminal Profiling: The Original Mind Hunters

Who Sponsors Whom and Why? An Empirical Investigation of Sports Sponsorships

February 19, 2019August 11, 2017 by Cyril

Abstract

This paper applies a two-sided matching model to investigate the formations of sports sponsorships using a dataset containing the shirt sponsorships from 43 English football clubs during the period from 1990 to 2010. We find that sponsorships become less valuable as the distance between the club and the sponsor’s head office grows and that better-performing clubs can attract more distant sponsors. In addition, there is an assortative matching between a club’s attendance and a sponsor’s revenue. Based on the estimates from the two-sided matching model, we simulate the counterfactual matching outcomes if sponsorships on alcohol and gambling are banned. Our estimates suggest that such bans will not have the biggest impact on the (relatively successful) clubs that currently have alcohol and gambling sponsors. Instead, it is clubs with low attendance and clubs in low income, less populated areas will be most affected.

The Embeddedness of Adolescent Employment and Participation in Delinquency: A Life Course Perspective

February 19, 2019August 12, 2017 by admin

ABSTRACT

Adolescent penetration into the labor market is a relatively new, and much understudied, phenomena. To date, limited empirical evidence suggests that the extensive employment of adolescents increases their offending. We bring together insights garnered from life-course criminology, which emphasizes the timing of transitional role changes; and economic sociology, which draws attention to the "social embeddedness" of development and decision-making. The objective is to test whether a youth's embeddedness within the labor market has deleterious consequences for the youth's behavior. Our results show that work embeddedness is positively related to delinquency, and that this effect is not accounted for by prior levels of delinquent involvement. These findings were replicated by use of a community sample. In total our findings suggest that being embedded in a work role as a teenager has general deleterious consequences for behavior.

INTRODUCTION

As Hirschi (1983) observed, it is virtually an article of faith among criminologists that unemployment causes and employment prevents...

The Forensics of Blood

February 19, 2019August 6, 2017 by admin

After a homicide or an assault has been committed, police investigators usually find blood at the scene of the crime, giving them clues as to what happened. The blood’s texture and shape and how it is distributed around the victim often help investigators determine when the crime was committed, whether the crime was preceded by a fight between individuals, and which weapon was used say, a knife, a gun, or an object used to hit a person. But criminals have tried many ways to hide, clean up, and remove blood evidence. For example, what looks like blood may be another substance placed there by the criminal to mislead police investigators. Also, some criminals clean up the blood from the crime scene or move the victim’s body somewhere else, making it harder to reconstruct what really happened. To take these potential scenarios into account, forensic scientists who apply the latest scientific discoveries to law have developed techniques that can tell whether the

Problems Encountered in Investigating and Prosecuting Conspiracies to Commit Terrorist Offences

February 19, 2019August 15, 2017 by admin

Terror conspiracies are among the most problematic criminal offences to prosecute because of the difficulty of distinguishing between the mere expression of subversive thoughts and substantive plans to execute an outrage. The afore mentioned dilemma has critical consequences for law enforcement agencies carrying out surveillance of conspiratorial meetings whether by way of SIGINT or HUMINT2 . To find the correct balance between a longer period of surveillance or a relatively short one is a refined technique. The task becomes more reliable when the intelligence base has infiltrated and become integrated in the suspect's community. On the prosecution process when two or more potential terrorists agree upon a plan for an act of terror, the legal elements of the offence of conspiracy may be made out even if the commission of the complete criminal enterprise is beyond their capability. In these circumstances the task of sentencing such individuals is often a conjectural exercise...

Pseudocyesis, Delusional Pregnancy, And Psychosis: The Birth Of A Delusion

February 19, 2019August 14, 2017 by admin

Abstract

Both pseudocyesis and delusional pregnancy are said to be rare syndromes, but are reported frequently in developing countries. A distinction has been made between the two syndromes, but the line of demarcation is blurred. The aim of this paper is to review recent cases of pseudocyesis/delusional pregnancy in order to learn more about biopsychosocial antecedents. The recent world literature (2000-2014) on this subject (women only) was reviewed, making no distinction between pseudocyesis and delusional pregnancy. Eighty case histories were found, most of them originating in developing countries. Fifty patients had been given a diagnosis of psychosis, although criteria for making the diagnosis were not always clear. The psychological antecedents included ambivalence about pregnancy, relationship issues, and loss. Very frequently, pseudocyesis/delusional pregnancy occurred when a married couple was infertile and living in a pronatalist society. The infertility was attributed to the woman, which resulted in her experiencing substantial distress and discrimination. When antipsychotic medication was used...

Managing Intellectual Property in the Book Publishing Industry

February 19, 2019August 10, 2017 by Cyril

INTRODUCTION

At the heart of the book publishing industry lies the ability of a publisher to select or commission content that the reading public will be ready to purchase, which will satisfy their interests in a variety of thematic areas. Book publishers produce this content in print and/or in other formats (electronic versions of books, periodicals, websites, blogs, etc.) and use sales and marketing skills to sell this content to readers. Book publishers are creators, acquirers, custodians, and managers owners and users of intellectual property rights. They possess certain rights in the books they produce and sell, and they hold other rights on behalf of third parties. Their business involves exploiting the rights of others, just as they equally seek to defend and protect what is theirs and what they have been entrusted to defend. Publishers therefore have a professional interest in exploiting these rights to the best advantage of their authors as well as themselves. They are thus obliged to treat the rights of others with respect....

The Emotional Stroop Task and Psychopathology

February 19, 2019August 5, 2017 by admin

Anxiety and depressive disorders remain the most common forms of psychopathology and represent a large challenge for psychological analysis and treatment. Although the various forms of emotional disorder differ in many ways, recent cognitive accounts have pointed out how each of them share a common feature: sensitivity to and preoccupation with stimuli in their environment that represent their concern. Central to these cognitive theories of psychopathology is the notion that such preoccupation arises from biases in attention. For example, hypervigilance to cues signaling impending danger from the environment is an important feature of recent models of anxiety (Beck, Emery, & Greenberg, 1985), and similar hypersensitivity to bodily sensations has been implicated in panic disorder (Clark, 1988; McNally, 1990). In posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), attention is drawn to stimuli that remind of past trauma and exacerbate the fear of future similar events (Yule, 1991 ). In depression, the preoccupation is with past losses, the mind being dominated by ruminations such as "I have lost my friends" and "

What Propels Sexual Homicide Offenders? Testing an Integrated Theory of Social Learning and Routine Activities Theories

February 19, 2019July 31, 2017 by admin

ABSTRACT

Sexual homicide is a rare occurrence. Little is known about the offending perspective of sexual homicide from a criminological standpoint. Recently, Chan, Heide, and Beauregard (2011) proposed an integrative theoretical framework using concepts and propositions of Social Learning Theory (differential association, definitions, differential reinforcement or punishment, and imitation) and Routine Activities Theory (a motivated offender, an attractive and suitable target, and the absence of a capable guardian or guardianship) to elucidate the sexual homicide offending dynamics. According to this integrative model, the individual-level view of the sexual murderers is explained by the social learning principles, while the offending process is complemented by the routine activities propositions from amicro-level to provide a better explained sexual homicide offending model. However, this model has yet to be tested empirically. In addition to testing the Chan et al.’s model, this study proposes and tests an alternative model by incorporating the construct of pre-crime precipitators to better explain the motivating factor of an

Bodies from Water

February 19, 2019August 7, 2017 by admin

SUMMARY

1. Immersion artefacts occur in any corpse immersed in water, irrespective of whether death was from drowning or the person was dead on entering the water. Therefore, immersion artefacts do not contribute to proof of death by drowning. However, such artefacts are typically the most striking findings in a body recovered from water.

These immersion artefacts include: 1. goose-skin, or anserina cutis, which is roughening, or pimpling of the skin, 2. skin maceration, or washer-woman's skin, which is swelling and wrinkling of the skin, and 3. adipocere, which is the transformation of the fatty layer beneath the skin into a soap-like material - a process requiring many weeks or months.

2. Corpses in water always lie with the face down and with the head hanging. Buffeting in the water commonly produces post-mortem head injuries, which may be difficult to distinguish from injuries sustained during life. The presence of bleeding usually distinguishes ante-mortem from post-mortem injuries. However,

Antitrust and Franchising: Conspiracies Between Franchisors and Franchisees Under Section 1

February 19, 2019August 11, 2017 by admin

A1993 article in this Journal reported, without fanfare, a federal district court’s holding that a “franchisor and franchisee were legally incapable of conspiring” in restraint of trade. Since that time, two other district courts and two courts of appeals have echoed that decision. Franchisors and franchisees that have spent time and energy ensuring compliance with the antitrust laws may be pleasantly surprised to learn that many of these efforts may be unnecessary. Because Section 1 of the Sherman Act (the key antitrust statute under which franchisor actions have been challenged) proscribes only “contracts, combinations and conspiracies” in restraint of trade or commerce, if franchisors are, as a matter of law, incapable of conspiring with franchisees, then franchisors need not worry about such things as mandating the prices at which franchisees resell products, “tying” continuation of the franchise to required purchases, or otherwise restricting franchisees’ actions. Franchisors could require all franchisees to participate in promotions and sales pricing without any...

Victim Personal Statements

February 18, 2019August 13, 2017 by admin

About the VPS

The VPS gives victims an opportunity to tell the criminal justice agencies and the magistrate or the judge about the effect a crime has had on their lives. It also helps the criminal justice agencies to understand fully the impact that the crime has had on the victim so that they can make decisions about the case. The VPS is optional. No pressure should be put on victims to make one if they don’t want to. However, it’s important that the victim understands the benefits of making one

What is the VPS?

A VPS is a statement written in the victim’s own words. It is different to the witness statement, which is a written or video-recorded account of what happened to the victim. The VPS can be taken at the same time as the witness statement, but it can also be taken at a later stage.

It can be used to:...

Viewpoint Modeling and Model Based Media Generation for Systems Engineers

February 18, 2019August 12, 2017 by admin

Abstract

Models are at the heart of science and engineering. Model based approaches to software development and systems engineering use technologies to include graphical modeling languages such as the Systems Modeling Language (SysML) that support system design and analysis through machine readable models. This paper traces key historical contributions of software and systems engineers over the past five decades beginning withYourdon and Wymore to show a coherent concept of models and how they can be used for software and systems engineering. Recent model based systems engineering (MBSE) methodologies supported by commercially available modeling tools are also summarized. Relational Orientation is seen to be the underlying viewpoint that expresses and binds these approaches. Relational Orientation for Systems Engineering (ROSE) is then specified using a general systems methodology. Systems are seen to access each other’s models in ROSE much like classes in Object Orientation access each other’s objects. Object oriented frames...

See Also: A Brief History of Models and Model Based Systems Engineering and the Case for Relational Orientation (3407 downloads )