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Variations In Risk Taking Behavior Over The Menstrual Cycle An Improved Replication

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Abstract

Evidence that women are less likely to be raped near ovulation than at other times in the ovarian cycle may reflect behavioral adaptations against the risk of fertile insemination by rapists. Chavanne and Gallup [Evol. Hum. Behav. 19 (1998) 27] proposed that women selectively reduce behaviors that expose them to a risk of rape during the ovulatory phase of their menstrual cycle, and reported supportive evidence. However, their study suffered from certain methodological shortcomings. In an improved test involving 51 subjects, repeated measurement, and an explicit distinction between risky and nonrisky activities, we confirmed all predictions: During the ovulatory phase, naturally cycling women reduced risky behaviors and increased nonrisky ones. Women using contraceptives causing hormonal suppression of ovulation showed neither effect.

1. Introduction

Forced copulation is taxonomically widespread, and in many cases it clearly represents an evolved reproductive tactic (Cox & Le Boeuf, 1977; Gowaty & Buschhaus, 1998; Smuts & Smuts, 1993; Thornhill, 1980; Thornhill & Thornhill, 1987).

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Restorative Arts II Definitions – Identifying Facial Markings

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I. Definitions
A. Bilateral Comparison- This is the study of two sides of the face or feature to note similarities & differences; features can be similar but never identical
B. Bilateral Symmetry- The study of the similarities of the face or feature
C. Bilateral Asymmetry- The study of the differences of the face or feature

i.e. eyes & eyebrows; cheeks; sides of the nose; jaw-line; ears;

Anterior Nares
II. Identifying Facial Markings
A. Classification
1. Natural- Markings that are found on the face at birth
2. Acquired- Markings which occur with age related primarily with the orbital & oral cavities
B. NINE (9) NATURAL FACIAL MARKINGS
1. Philtrum (Superior Labial Groove) – Vertical groove found on the midline of the upper white lip; Has it’s greatest depth & width just above the middle area of the upper red lip (Cupid’s Bow);...

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Comorbidity of DSM-IV Personality Disorders in Unipolar and Bipolar Affective Disorders

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The aim of this study was to compare the prevalence of Personality Disorders assessed by Structured Clinical Interview for Axis-II in 155 inpatients diagnosed with Unipolar Disorder vs inpatients with Bipolar Disorder (39). The most frequent Axis II diagnoses among Unipolar inpatients were Borderline (31.6%), Dependent (25.2%), and Obsessive-Compulsive (14.2%) Personality Disorders. Among Bipolar inpatients, the most prevalent personality disorders were Borderline (41%), Narcissistic (20.5%), Dependent (12.8%), and Histrionic disorders (10.3%). Using chi squared analysis, few differences in distribution emerged between the two groups: Unipolar patients had more recurrent Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder than Bipolar patients (chi(1)2=6.24, p<.005). Comorbid Narcissistic Personality Disorder was significantly more frequent in the Bipolar than in the Unipolar group (chi(1)2=6.34, P<.01). Considering the three clusters (DSM-IV classification), there was a significant difference between the groups, Cluster C (fearful, avoidant) diagnoses being more frequent in the Unipolar than in the Bipolar group (48.4% vs 20.5%, respectively). Cluster B (dramatic, emotionally erratic) diagnoses were found more frequently in

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When Did Prisons Become Acceptable Mental Healthcare Facilities?

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INTRODUCTION

We can no longer ignore the massive oppression we are inflicting upon the mentally ill throughout the United States. Over a century ago, Dorothea Dix began a movement to improve the deplorable conditions of mentally ill prisoners. Despite her success in changing the country’s perception and treatment of the mentally ill in prison, we are now right back where we started in the nineteenth century. Although deinstitutionalization was originally understood as a humane way to offer more suitable services to the mentally ill in community-based settings, some politicians seized upon it as a way to save money by shutting down institutions without providing any meaningful treatment alternatives. This callousness has created a one-way road to prison for massive numbers of impaired individuals and the inhumane warehousing of thousands of mentally ill people.We have created conditions that make criminal behavior all but inevitable for many of our brothers and sisters who are mentally ill. Instead of treating them, we are imprisoning them.

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Malingering – Presentations of Malingered Psychiatric Symptoms

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Malingering is a forensic topic that is also relevant to most nonforensic clinicians. Almost every experienced psychiatrist, psychologist, or therapist has wrestled with, or wondered about, patients who appear to be faking symptoms in order to gain something of obvious value (or avoid something obviously painful). In this column, I will focus on malingered psychiatric or neuropsychiatric symptoms, but the definitions given below apply to malingered general medical symptoms as well. It’s Not Munchausen’s or “Psychosomatic” Take out a copy of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV)1 and look at the small, but very important, differences among malingering, factitious syndromes, and somatoform syndromes (Table 1). Although these concepts are often confused, it’s easy to separate them once you understand that malingering refers to feigning or significantly exaggerating symptoms for a conscious gain or purpose, * factitious refers to feigning symptoms for a largely or wholly unconscious

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Routine Activity Theory

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ROUTINE ACTIVITY THEORY.

Developed by Lawrence Cohen and Marcus Felson during the late 1970s, routine activity theory is a criminological theory frequently used to explain crime and victimization. Routine activity theory is actually an outgrowth of another criminological theory rational choice. Rational choice theory assumes that the offender chooses to commit criminal activity based upon free-will. In other words, the offender uses a strategic thinking process to evaluate the risks, including the type of offense committed, the selection of the victim, and the chances of apprehension. If the rewards of committing the crime outweigh the consequences of apprehension, the offender will likely commit the criminal act. According to Cohen and Felson, crime and victimization is based upon three criteria: (1) a suitable target, (2) an absence of capable guardians, and (3) a motivated offender. Each of these variables will be explained as they relate to the victims actions and prevention strategies. A suitable target can be a person or object. Offenders select their targets

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The Role of Brain Fingerprinting in Criminal Proceedings

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The application of Brain Fingerprinting® testing in a criminal case involves four phases: investigation, interview, scientific testing, and adjudication. Of these four phases, only the third one is in the domain of science. The first phase is undertaken by a skilled investigator, the second by an interviewer who may be an investigator or a scientist, the third by a scientist, and the fourth by a judge and jury.

This is similar to the forensic application of other sciences. For example, if a person is found dead of unknown causes, first there is an investigation to determine if there may have been foul play. If there is a suspect involved, the suspect is interviewed to determine what role, if any, he says he has had in the situation. If the investigation determines that the victim may have been poisoned using ricin or cadmium, two rare and powerful poisons, then scientific tests can be conducted to detect these specific substances in the body. Then the evidence

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Terrorist Precursor Crimes: Issues and Options

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Summary

Terrorist groups, regardless of ideological ilk, geographical location, or organizational structure, have certain basic needs in common: funding, security, operatives/support, propaganda, and means and/or appearance of force. In order to meet these needs, terrorists engage in a series of activities, some of which are legal, many of which are not. Terrorist precursor crimes, offenses committed to facilitate a particular attack or promote a terrorist campaign’s objectives, are thought to be often carried out far away from the primary theater of conflict associated with a terrorist group. Much of the precursor activity, especially with regard to crimes conducted for the purpose of fundraising, takes place in wealthy Western countries, including the United States. Precursor crimes, known and/or alleged, include various fraud schemes, petty crime, identity and immigration crimes, the counterfeit of goods, narcotics trade, and illegal weapons procurement, amongst others. The implications of domestically occurring terrorist precursor crimes on the current threat environment, and specifically the United State’s security posture, are not fully understood

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Sexual Boundary Issues and Violations

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SEXUAL BOUNDARY VIOLATIONS

All major professional organizations decry sexual activity with patients. Many also include past patients. Several states have laws making such behaviors specific causes of action for lawsuits, or even crimes. The prohibitions often seem clear, but may not define “sexual activity” very well. In addition, statutes and ethical guidelines may not differentiate 1) brief behaviors from lasting, calculated, and/or predatory ones; 2) recent behavior from that which occurred decades ago; or 3) intense therapeutic relationships from one-time consultations. Nevertheless, rigid requirements and interpretations are facts of life. Clinicians should be highly aware of the rules in their profession and locale, and how their behavior may appear to a sometimes accusing or suspicious public. An older clinician with an excellent reputation had a brief affair with a patient early in his career. He quickly felt remorse and took all the professional steps believed appropriate by his profession at the time of the transgression (e.g., took responsibility for his behavior,

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Reducing a Suicidal Person’s Access to Lethal Means of Suicide

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Reducing the availability of highly lethal and commonly used suicide methods has been associated with declines in suicide rates of as much as 30%–50% in other countries. The theory and evidence underlying means restriction is outlined. Most evidence of its efficacy comes from population-level interventions and natural experiments. In the U.S., where 51% of suicides are completed with firearms and household firearm ownership is common and likely to remain so, reducing a suicidal person’s access to firearms will usually be accomplished not by fiat or other legislative initiative but rather by appealing to individual decision, for example, by counseling at-risk people and their families to temporarily store household firearms away from home or otherwise making household firearms inaccessible to the at-risk person until they have recovered. Providers, gatekeepers, and gun owner groups are important partners in this work. Research is needed in a number of areas: communications research to identify effective messages and messengers for “lethal means counseling,” clinical trials to identify effective interventions,

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Rediscovering Conservatism: Burkean Polictical Theory and Constitutional Interpretation

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Abstract

Recent decisions of the Rehnquist Court--particularly the Court's 1992 decision in Planned Parenthood v. Casey have caused many to question widely held assumptions about the meaning of judicial conservatism. In this article, Ernest Young argues that the views of the modern judicial "conservatives" such as Judge Robert Bork and Justice Antonin Scalia are antithetical to classical conservative political theory, as exemplified by the writings and speeches of the eighteenth-century British philosopher/politician Edmund Burke. In particular, Mr. Young argues that strict adherence to the original understanding of the Constitution, judicial deference to democratic majorities, and formulation of legal directives as bright-line rules are all inconsistent with classical conservatism. Instead, Mr. Young advocates an approach to constitutional interpretation inspired by Burke's emphasis on tradition and evolutionary reform. Moreover, Mr. Young speculates that it is precisely this "common-law constitutionalism" that may be driving the emerging center of today's Supreme Court.

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Reaction Time Lethal Force Encounter Shooting Scene Considerations

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“The essential elements to be considered are the inherent danger reasonably perceived at the time and the physical realities that apply at the time. These physical realities include the factors of action versus reaction times, the abilities of the involved parties, the limited time available to recognize, react, initiate and implement a response, the sensory distortions that will occur in any high stress lifethreatening incident and the limited means available to compel a timely halt to the threatening activity. These elements must be judged from the perspective of a reasonable officer within the incident and not with the application of 20/20 hindsight.” [Ref. 15 Patrick & Hall] The justified use of force elements hold true whether Officer or Citizen. Officer or Citizen need to be viewed from the perspective of the incident and not with 20/20 hindsight. To understand the timing of a lethal force encounter we need to discuss reaction time, both the mental process and the physical process.

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Cold-Case Investigations An Analysis of Current Practices and Factors Associated with Successful Outcomes

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Introduction

With modern clearance rates (which represent the proportion of cases solved divided by the number of cases opened during a given time period) far below those in the 1960s and DNA forensic technology having improved, law enforcement agencies have shown increasing interest in attempting to solve homicides and other serious crimes that seemed intractable during initial investigation, in what are called cold-case investigations. Fueled by the popularity of television shows focusing on forensic investigation, such cold-case investigations have captured the imagination of the American public, and cold-case investigations have become increasingly commonplace in law enforcement agencies. Yet, despite the increasing number of cold-case units and the expenditure of significant resources to fund them, we know virtually nothing about the return on this investment. Does it make sense for law enforcement agencies to devote significant resources to solving cold cases, or are those resources better deployed in solving recent cases? How can agencies ..

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Assessing the Tradecraft of Intelligence Analysis

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“Analysis” in the U.S. Intelligence Community is definitely plural. It encompasses a range of styles, levels, and customers. It ranges from solving puzzles (such as whether Iraq had weapons of mass destruction a question that could be answered definitively if only the United States had access to information that in principle was available) to framing mysteries (those questions that are future and contingent, which no information could resolve definitively). It would surprise many citizens to learn that the big “collectors,” such as the National Security Agency or the National Geospatial Intelligence Agency, have more “analysts” than the Central Intelligence Agency. The vast majority of what all those analysts do is current and tactical, more question answering than producing deep understanding of critical issues. That tyranny of the immediate has become more entrenched, for a variety of reasons, not least that technology now permits the take from big national collection systems to be retrieved in time...

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Organizational Learning in Terrorist Groups and Its Implications for Combating Terrorism

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If a terrorist group lacks the ability to learn, its effectiveness in achieving its goals will largely be determined by chance the chance that its members already have the necessary skills to carry out operations and support activities; the chance that its current tactics are effective against desirable targets and against current antiterrorism measures; and the chance that shifts made by the group will prove to be beneficial. Similarly, in a dynamic environment, a terrorist organization that cannot learn will not be able to effectively adapt to new developments in intelligence gathering and law enforcement. But when a terrorist group can learn—and learn well it can act systematically to fulfill its needs, strengthen its capabilities, and advance its strategic agenda. The ability to learn allows a terrorist group to purposefully adapt to ever-evolving circumstances by

• Developing, improving, and employing new weapons or tactics that can enable it to change its capabilities over time
• Improving its members’ skills in applying current weapons or tactics...

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Radicalization of Teacher Education Programs in the United StatesNine Essays

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Introduction

These nine essays chronicle prominent examples where the advancement of radical agendas has displaced the development of subject-content mastery in America’s schools of education.Institutional racism, redistributionist ideology, resisting oppression, and equipping teachers with the tools to transform their students’ perspectives each of these factor heavily into the entrenched indoctrination to which many education school candidates must prepare to expose themselves. Reading lists of prospective teachers are top-heavy with near-cult figures for the Left, such as Brazilian Marxist Paulo Freire and revisionist historian Howard Zinn. The examples described in this paper are steeped in these and other agendas. Proponents of these agendas are not difficult to find within education school communities. And at national and regional conferences held by organizations like the Institute for Research on Race and Public Policy and the National Association for Multicultural Education (NAME), workshop titles and painted banners proclaim their intentions in bold strokes.

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