Management of Retrograde Ejaculation
The goal of treatment methods for retrograde ejaculation is to restore antegrade ejaculation though medical therapy or with surgical procedures, or to retrieve sperm from the urine to be used with assisted reproduction.
Medical management aims to increase the tone of the bladder neck, preventing retrograde flow of semen into the bladder. This can be achieved either by stimulating sympathetic activity (closure of the bladder neck is under sympathetic control) or by blocking parasympathetic input (para sympathetic activity is responsible for bladder neck relaxation) (Jonas, Linzbach, & Weber, 1979; Stewart, & Bergant, 1974; Stockamp, Schreiter, & Altwein, 1974). Treatment of retrograde ejaculation includes antihistamines (brompheniramine), tricyclic antidepressants (imipramine), and other agents, including anticholinergic and adrenergic agents (Kamischke, & Nieschlage, 2002). Araja and Tabie (2008) noted in cases of males with diabetes mellitus with complete retrograde ejaculation that imipramine (25 mg twice a...u