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Month: August 2017

Reaction Time Lethal Force Encounter Shooting Scene Considerations

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“The essential elements to be considered are the inherent danger reasonably perceived at the time and the physical realities that apply at the time. These physical realities include the factors of action versus reaction times, the abilities of the involved parties, the limited time available to recognize, react, initiate and implement a response, the sensory distortions that will occur in any high stress lifethreatening incident and the limited means available to compel a timely halt to the threatening activity. These elements must be judged from the perspective of a reasonable officer within the incident and not with the application of 20/20 hindsight.” [Ref. 15 Patrick & Hall] The justified use of force elements hold true whether Officer or Citizen. Officer or Citizen need to be viewed from the perspective of the incident and not with 20/20 hindsight. To understand the timing of a lethal force encounter we need to discuss reaction time, both the mental process and the physical process.

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The Restatement (Third) Of Restitution And Unjust Enrichment: Some Introductory Suggestions

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Professor and Reporter Andrew Kull has brought reason and order to the law of restitution and unjust enrichment. He has done so with elegant expression and architecture, incisive and insightful comments, and careful analysis and research. With constructive suggestions from his advisers and consulting members of the American Law Institute and other scholars, judges, and lawyers in the United States and elsewhere, and with the careful examination and approval of drafts by the Institute‟s Council and membership, he has produced a masterpiece, the Restatement (Third) of Restatement and Unjust Enrichment. He has reestablished the subject as as a crucial building block of the law along with Contracts and Torts. In this introductory comment, I will first summarize the structure and key points of the new Restatement and then, using two examples, examine briefly whether and how it might be used to address new claim...

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Travel to Violence Report New Mexico Statistical Analysis Center

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Introduction

The criminological literature has long suggested that perpetrators offend close to home (Lu 2003; Rossmo 2000; Wiles and Costello 2000; McIver 1981). While this may have traditionally been the case, such travel patterns are dependent on the spatial distribution of residential neighborhoods, and the use of public spaces characteristics that vary both over time and by geographic region. Much of the research that has demonstrated localized offending patterns has been based on analyses of older cities whose patterns of development predated the widespread use of the automobile. Yet, both patterns of residential development and the use of public spaces have changed in many of the fastest growing western cities. Public spaces, such as nightclubs, movie theaters, and shopping districts are often no longer located exclusively within or close to residential neighborhoods. As a result, the spatial distribution of offenders, victims, and incidents may no longer follow this established pattern. Just as individuals and groups in some cities are more...

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The Impact Of Homicide Upon Public Confidence And Reassurance

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This research study investigates the impacts of homicides upon public confidence and reassurance. In particular it focuses upon how and why some crimes involving illegal death have a profound and widely distributed impact on how people think, feel and act in relation to their security, whereas other, ostensibly similar incidents, are far less consequential and cause less social harm. For the purposes of this study two key definitions are employed:

• Public confidence is conceived as a measure of perceptions, experiences and expectations of the police. • Reassurance measures broader levels of neighbourhood security.

The aim of this study is to provide an evidence base that can inform the development and improvement of current procedures for conducting community impact assessments. Based upon in-depth studies of community reactions following seven criminal homicides that varied in terms of their circumstances and situational contexts, the analysis identifies five ‘impact models’. These seek to capture the patterns present in relation to the breadth and depth..

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Interpersonal Relationships At Work: An Examination Of Dispositional Influences And Organizational Citizenship Behavior

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ABSTRACT

Positive interpersonal relationships at work foster a variety of beneficial outcomes for individuals and organizations. Past research has examined contextual and demographic antecedents of friendships at work. Forming interpersonal connections should have strong dispositional roots. The authors use structural equation modeling to analyze data from 438 frontline service employees from a casual dining, national restaurant chain in the United States. Results from this study support the hypotheses that extraversion, agreeableness and emotional stability are each positively related to forming valued interpersonal relationships at work. In addition, interpersonal citizenship behavior is hypothesized and supported as an outcome of positive interpersonal relationships at work. Testing a full model of all the hypotheses enabled us to identify valued interpersonal relationships as an intermediary variable of the relationship between personality and interpersonal citizenship behavior. Interpersonal relationships at work: An examination of dispositional influences and organizational citizenship behavior Positive interpersonal relationships at work have an advantageous impact on both organizational and individual variables. Research has...

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Is Robbery Becoming More Violent an Analysis of Robbery Murder Trends Since 1968

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Robbery is an intrinsically violent crime, and, in fact, is defined as theft accomplished by force or the threat of physical injury. In approximately 2,000 cases in the United States each year, robbery violence proves fatal to the victim. This is a relatively rare event given that there are more than one million robberies annually. Nevertheless, the number of robbery homicides is a major contributor to the public's fear of this crime. From time to time, public concern is enhanced by reports that robbers are becoming more violent. One example from the popular press reports: Another frightening difference in the crime picture is that life now seems pitifully cheap. Law-enforcement officials think they have witnessed a shift toward gratuitous slaughter. "It used to be 'Your money or your life,' " says assistant Bronx district attorney William Flack.Claude Brown offers a number of explanations for the viciousness of youths in inner cities. One explanation is that these youths

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Incident Report Instructions Released by: South Carolina Law Enforcement Division

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1 Introduction

The South Carolina Law Enforcement Division (SLED) Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Program‘s primary objective is to collect reliable and detailed criminal information for use in law enforcement administration, operation, and management. Criminologists, sociologists, legislators, municipal planners, the media and students of criminal justice use the data for varied research and planning purposes. SLED‘s UCR Program prepared this manual to assist Law Enforcement Agencies (LEA) in reporting crime statistics via South Carolina Incident-Based Reporting System (SCIBRS). It addresses both National Incident-Based Reporting (NIBRS) and SCIBRS policies, the types of offenses reported and guidelines for an agency to become certified to submit NIBRS and SCIBRS data.

1.1 Background of the South Carolina Incident-Based Reporting System

South Carolina was the first state to implement an operational state UCR program, SLED administered the program. The information collected and the uniform classification under which it is collected are based directly upon the guidelines developed by the International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP) and Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)....

See Also: South Carolina Incident Based Reporting System (SCIBRS) TRAINING MANUAL (3390 downloads )

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Homicide Process Mapping

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Since 1990, the number of homicides committed in the United States has dropped over 30 percent. While this is a positive trend, it is somewhat counterbalanced by another trend: in the mid-1970s, the average homicide clearance rate in the United States was around 80 percent. Today, that number has dropped to 65 percent—hence, more offenders are literally getting away with murder. The Bureau of Justice Assistance (BJA), a component of the U.S. Department of Justice’s Office of Justice Programs (OJP), recognizes that the problem of violence in the United States requires a multifaceted approach. In a coordinated initiative of projects, BJA has examined the manner in which trends in violence are identified by law enforcement for tactical purposes,3 reviewed how cutting-edge analysis and the integration of resources can disrupt trends in violent crime, and examined two decades of violence-reduction initiatives to determine what works.

Based on lessons learned, new initiatives are explored, such as the Law Enforcement Forecasting...

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Homicide Scene Investigation

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Introduction

Solving crimes is an easy thing to do in most cases; proving them is sometimes not. Trying the criminal case is the hardest of all lawsuits. Why? Because convicting a human being of a crime means that there are dire consequences for that person. No one, even the hardest hearted judge, wants to put someone in jail or have them, in the worst scenario, executed, unless they are absolutely sure that the persons who are the target of the investigation and trial are guilty. For that reason a criminal case has a much stricter burden of proof than a civil case. And for murder cases, because of the dire consequences to a defendant, a criminal homicide can be the most difficult case in the criminal lexicon to prove. However, this is not necessarily the case. If the police and the prosecutor do their job, investigate the cases as they should, know what has to be proved, and how to prove it, a

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Gunshot Wounds Practical Aspects of Firearms, Ballistics, and Forensic Techniques Second Edition by Vincent J. M. DiMaio, M.D.

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This Second Edition of Gunshot Wounds: Practical Aspects of Firearms, Ballistics, and Forensic Techniques, written by Vincent J. M. Di Maio, M.D. has been greatly expanded to include over 78 new photographs with references and discussions not covered in the original text. Dr. Di Maio has taken his personal observations, experience and research of gunshot wounds and firearms to create an extremely practical hands-on guide. Guns continue to be the most frequently used weapons in murder and firearms account for more than half of the slayings. Therefore, this Second Edition of Gunshot Wounds: Practical Aspects of Firearms, Ballistics, and Forensic Techniques, will continue to be the definitive source and reference for Medical Examiners, forensic pathologists, professional law enforcement officers, forensic crime laboratories, lawyers and others involved in the criminal justice and forensic fields. In 1985, the First Edition of Gunshot Wounds: Practical Aspects of Firearms, Ballistics, and Forensic Techniques written by Vincent J. M. Di Maio,

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The Problems of the Blue-Collar Workers

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The social and economic status of blue-collar workers has become a subject of increasing concern in the last few years. Recent reports have identified the economic insecurity and alienation which whites in this group have felt. What such reports have failed to note is that there are some two million minority-group males who are skilled or semi-skilled blue-collar workers who are full-time members of the work force and who share many of the same problems as whites in their income class. This nonwhite group also shares the same concern as white workers for law and order and other middle-class values. Many have moved from subemployment to low-income entry-level jobs, but they now feel blocked from further opportunity.In 1968, 34 percent of all minority-group families were in the $5,000 to $10,000 income category. Of course, on the average, most black families are still not anywhere as well off as white families: The median income of all Negro families was $5,590, that of all white families $8,937.

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Self-Disclosure and Starting a Close Relationship

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Abstract

In this chapter we examine various topics about self-disclosure and starting a relationship. We examine how background factors (e.g., culture, personality, and gender) and communication medium (e.g., face-to-face versus Internet communication) influence self-disclosure at the start of a relationship. We show how self-disclosure is incorporated into conversations to intensify or restrict intimacy and closeness between new acquaintances. We describe how the reactions of the disclosure recipient and the discloser to self-disclosure input assist new acquaintances to assess feelings of intimacy for one another and whether or not to seek a closer relationship. We also illustrate how a relationship-building exercise incorporating self-disclosure may increase feelings of closeness between new acquaintances. First, let us define self-disclosure and review influential, early approaches about the role of self-disclosure at the start of a relationship. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved

See Also: Self-disclosure and starting a close relationship.

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Journey to Crime Estimation Location Theory

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Location Theory

Location theory is concerned wit h one of the central issues in geography. This theory attempts to find an optimal location for any particular distribution of activities, population, or even ts over a region (Haggett, Cliff and Frey, 1977; Krueckeberg and Silvers, 1974; Stopher and Meyburg, 1975; Oppenheim, 1980, Ch . 4; Boss a rd, 1993). In classic location theory, economic resources were allocated in relation to idealized presentations (Anselin and Madden , 1990). Thus, von Thünen (1826) analyzed the distribution of agricultural land as a function of the accessibility to a single population center (which would be more expensive towards the cent er), t he value of the product produced (which would vary by crop), and transportation costs (which would be more expensive farther from the cent er). In order to maximize profit and minimize costs, a

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Interpersonal Homicide

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2.2 INTERPERSONAL HOMICIDE

Straddling the divide between the private and public spheres, much of this type of lethal violence is attributed to the very nature of coexisting with others. Central to its definition is the fact that interpersonal homicide is not instrumental to the accomplishment of a secondary goal, but is rather a means of resolving a conflict and/or punishing the victim through violence when relationships come under strain (including from friction due to social and cultural norms). Its two main sub-types, intimate partner/family related homicide and homicide related to other interpersonal conflicts are distinguished from each other by the nature of the relationship between perpetrator and victim. This means that in homicides related to intimate partners or family members, the relationship between victim and perpetrator is characterized by an emotional attachment, as well as other links, often of an economic or legal nature, whereas the perpetrator and victim in other interpersonal-related homicide may or may not...

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Crime Scene Searches and the Fourth Amendment

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Introduction

Crime scene investigation requires understanding and application of elements of criminal law, criminal procedure, constitutional law and evidence. Legal requirements are derived from the U.S. and State Constitutions, federal and state statutory law, court rules and a combination of federal and state appellate court decisions. This article focuses on issues related to the Fourth Amendment, exigent circumstances and crime scene searches. The article begins with a brief discussion of the Fourth Amendment search and seizure warrant requirement rule and generally recognized exceptions to the rule. I then focus on crime scene searches and the exigent circumstances exception to the warrant requirement rule. Key U.S. Supreme Court decisions are interpreted and analyzed. The parameters of exigent circumstances are explored. Other subject matter and materials are considered to provide context and clarify fundamental legal principles which impact practical decisions concerning crime scene searches. Differences in state law which may impact crime scene searches are also addressed. I conclude with recommendations to facilitate improved...

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When To Operate On Abdominal Gunshot Wounds

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ABSTRACT

Historically, penetrating abdominal trauma was managed expectantly until the late 19th century. In World War I, with the high mortality and morbidity associated with penetrating abdominal trauma, operative management replaced expectant management. It was soon realized that not all penetrating abdominal injuries required an operation. Since the 1960’s, selective nonoperative management of stab wounds to the anterior abdomen has become the standard of care. However, gunshot wounds to the abdomen are still treated by mandatory exploration based on an allegedly high incidence of intraabdominal injuries and low rate of complications, if laparotomy turns out negative. A number of series have recently surfaced, reporting successful outcomes, while decreasing morbidity and hospital length of stay, with selective non-operative management of gunshot wounds to the abdomen. This review will address the current controversies surrounding selective nonoperative management of gunshot wounds to the abdomen and will present our experience and current approaches.

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