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Ritual and Signature in Serial Sexual Homicide

February 13, 2019August 3, 2017 by admin

Since the early case studies of sexual murder by von Krafft-Ebing, offenders have been reported to engage in various crime scene behaviors that are unnecessary in the commission of the homicide. For example, several of the individuals von Krafft-Ebing cited not only killed their victims, but filled their mouths with dirt, pulled their hairpins out, pressed their hands together, subjected them to humiliation and torture, and often took something from them of little value. Authors of other early publications found similar behavior in sexual murderers. Many investigators concluded that these seemingly unnecessary activities (i.e., unnecessary for successfully accomplishing the crime) served a psychological purpose. The offender needed to engage in such actions to feel sexually gratified killing the victim was not sufficient.

Such crime scene behaviors, which more often than not are repetitive, have been found to be an outgrowth of the perpetrator’s deviant sexual sies, wherein the murder and the repetitive acts are parts of the offender’s sexual-arousal pattern.

Blood on Black- Enhanced Visualization of Bloodstains on Dark Surfaces

February 13, 2019August 3, 2017 by admin

Abstract

Accurately visualizing and documenting bloodstains and patterns is an integral part of crime scene investigation and can provide crucial information for both the analysis of evidence in the laboratory and crime scene reconstruction efforts. Visualization of bloodstains is trivial on white or lightly colored surfaces. However, on darkly colored or black surfaces, this visualization can be extremely difficult. The failure to visualize and thereby recognize blood and bloodstain patterns on darkly colored surfaces has had seriously adverse consequences for important criminal investigations. There are two aspects to the problem. First, the presence of blood may not be recognized at critical stages in the investigation. Second, where the presence of blood is recognized, the pattern of blood-staining may not be appreciated. Sampling of bloodstains for DNA typing and other analyses must take place with knowledge of the bloodstain patterns. Otherwise important information may be destroyed. In a significant number of cases knowing how the bloodstains were formed

Intimate Partner Stalking and Femicide: Urgent Implications for Women’s Safety

December 29, 2018August 3, 2017 by admin

INTRODUCTION

Stalking, as defined in the National Violence Against Women (NVAW) Survey, includes repeated (two or more) occasions of visual or physical proximity, nonconsensual communication, or verbal, written or implied threats that would cause fear in a reasonable person (Tjaden & Thoennes, 1998, 2000). Using this definition, the results of the NVAW telephone survey of 8000 U.S. women and 8000 U.S. men found 1% of the women and 0.4% of the men reported being stalked during the preceding 12 months. Eight per cent of these same women and 2% of the men reported life-long prevalence of stalking (Tjaden & Thoennes, 1998, 2000). The NVAW survey confirmed that most female victims know the stalker; strangers stalked only 23% of female victims. Overall, 62% of female victims were stalked by a current or former intimate partner, with 38% of the women reporting stalking by current or former husbands, 10% by current or former cohabiting partners, and 14% by current or

Determination of Time Since Deposition of Blood Stains

December 29, 2018August 3, 2017 by admin

Introduction

DNA analysis has revolutionized the field of Forensic Science by allowing for unambiguous identification of the person from whom a biological sample has been obtained. DNA provides a spatial link between a suspect and a crime scene or other location relative to a crime investigation. In many instances, this information is sufficient for conviction of the perpetrator of a crime. The limitation of traditional DNA, however, is that it provides no information on when the biological material was deposited. It only indicates that, some time in the past, the person visited the scene, it could have been months or years before the material was collected. Temporal linkage between the biological material and the commission of a crime is especially important in situations involving victims and suspects with close personal ties. In these instances, finding biological material from the suspect in the home or other pertinent location associated with the victim is not unexpected.The reverse can also be true, for instance

The Use of Personally Owned Mobile Phone Cameras and Pocket Video Cameras by Public Safety Personnel

February 13, 2019August 3, 2017 by admin

Mobile phone cameras

Police officers, sheriff’s deputies, coroner’s investigators, corrections officers, firefighters, paramedics and ambulance personnel are exposed to persons who have suffered horrible injuries and violent deaths. Some seasoned rescue workers and evidence technicians avoid stress by intentionally distancing themselves from tragedies. [1] Management has the right to designate mandatory and permitted equipment worn by its on-duty personnel, although a recognized bargaining unit is permitted to negotiate over “safety equipment.” [2]

Catsouras incident

One of the more prominent instances of the misuse of photographs followed the decapitation of an 18-year-old driver who had crashed into a toll booth on Halloween, 2006. According to Newsweek, the “accident was so gruesome the coroner wouldn’t allow her parents to identify their daughter’s body.” Photographs of the scene were taken by California Highway Patrol officers as part of their routine fatal collision procedures. Her parents sued the CHP, alleging that two officers had e-mailed nine grotesque images to their friends and family members on Halloween

Modeling of Human Criminal Behavior using Probabilistic Networks

February 13, 2019August 3, 2017 by admin

Abstract

Currently, criminal’s profile (CP) is obtained from investigator’s or forensic psychologist’s interpretation, linking crime scene characteristics and an offender’s behavior to his or her characteristics and psychological profile. This paper seeks an efficient and systematic discovery of non-obvious and valuable patterns between variables from a large database of solved cases via a probabilistic network (PN) modeling approach. The PN structure can be used to extract behavioral patterns and to gain insight into what factors influence these behaviors. Thus, when a new case is being investigated and the profile variables are unknown because the offender has yet to be identified, the observed crime scene variables are used to infer the unknown variables based on their connections in the structure and the corresponding numerical (probabilistic) weights. The objective is to produce a more systematic and empirical approach to profiling, and to use the resulting PN model as a decision tool.

I. INTRODUCTION

Modeling human criminal behavior is challenging due to many variables involved

Confession In LDS Doctrine and Practice

February 13, 2019August 2, 2017 by admin

In the Christian understanding, all are sinners (Rom. 3:23; Gal. 3:22); consequently, in order that all may be forgiven, repentance is one of the first principles of the gospel. A key element of repentance is confession: "By this ye may know if a man repenteth of his sins—behold, he will confess them and forsake them" (D&C 58:43). Accordingly, confession is one of the five steps of repentance outlined by Spencer W. Kimball: (1) conviction of and sorrow for sin, (2) abandonment of sin, (3) confession of sin, (4) restitution for sin, (5) doing the will of the Lord.Confession is not a mechanical requirement, nor is it an ordinance, like baptism. Undertaken in obedience to commandment, confession either to a bishop, to God, or to offended parties is a concomitant of the change of heart that constitutes true repentance and results in reconciliation with God. Pride and fear prevent confession, but if one has truly

Introducing Investigative Psychology

February 14, 2019August 2, 2017 by admin

What is Investigative Psychology?

Investigative psychology (IP) is a framework for the integration of a diverse range of aspects of psychology into all areas of criminal and civil investigation. It is concerned with all the forms of criminality that may be examined by the police, from arson and burglary to murder, rape or even terrorism. The discipline also extends to cover those areas of activity that require investigation but may not always be conventionally within the domain of police services. These may include matters such as insurance fraud, corruption, malicious fire setting, tax evasion or smuggling. Increasingly, issues of crowd control and public order are also being studied by investigative psychologists. The main concern is the ways in which criminal activities may be examined and understood in order for the detection of crime to be effective and for legal proceedings to be appropriate. As such, investigative psychology is concerned with psychological input to the full range of issues that relate to the

Violent Crime In African American And White Neighborhoods: Is Poverty’s Detrimental Effect Race Specific?

February 15, 2019August 2, 2017 by admin

Abstract

The social disorganization and anomie perspectives generally suggest that poverty’s criminogenic effect is racially invariant. These perspectives imply that policies that alleviate economic deprivation will equally reduce rates of violent crime in neighborhoods that are predominately white and neighborhoods that are predominately black. In contrast, several social commentators have suggested that alleviating poverty will be a relatively ineffective crime reduction strategy in predominately black areas. Existing empirical research on this issue has been mostly at the city level, and almost entirely cross-sectional. The present study examines potential racial differences in the longitudinal relationship between neighborhood poverty and violent crime rates. We use iteratively reweighted least squares, a robust regression technique, to estimate racespecific effects for Cleveland census tracts, 1990-2000. The results are supportive of the racial invariance hypothesis. Reductions in neighborhood poverty appear to produce similar reductions in violent crime in white and black neighborhoods.

INTRODUCTION

Despite recent declines in street crime, the United States continues to have a very

Criminological Theories: Introduction Evaluation and Applications

February 14, 2019August 2, 2017 by admin

Biological Theories

Terms

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS). Mednick’s theory that individuals who inherit a slower than normal autonomic nervous system learn to control aggressive or antisocial behavior slowly or not at all. This leads to increased violence and criminal activity.
Behavioral Genetics. This covers a range of theories in which a combination of genetics and the environment influence behavior.
Biological School. A view of crime, also referred to as biological positivism, that claims that criminal behavior is the result of biological or inborn defects or abnormalities. This view directly conflicts with classical criminology, which claims that criminal activity is the result of free will....
Biosocial Arousal Theory. This theory states that an individual’s level of arousal works in conjunction with the social environment. Those with low levels of arousal are less likely to learn appropriate ways to deal with aggression and violence and thus are more prone to commit crime.
Born Criminal. One of three criminal types identified by Lombroso. This type of criminal is the most dangerous, and can be identified through their stigmata or identifying characteristics.

When Turnabout Is Fair Play: Character Evidence and Self-Defense in Homicide and Assault Cases

December 29, 2018August 2, 2017 by admin

INTRODUCTION

Debbie, a call girl, agrees to meet a new customer, Victor, at the Shady Acres Motel for dancing and a massage. They retire to a motel room, but once there, Victor demands an entirely different act from Debbie, one in which she does not want to participate. Debbie gathers her belongings and tries to leave, but Victor escalates his demands by becoming aggressive. He blocks the doorway, grabs Debbie’s blouse, and attempts to pull her towards him. She slaps him and scratches his cheek, causing him to break his grip on her blouse. He threatens to break her neck. She screams and retreats from him. He grabs a chair and swings it at her, barely missing her head. Debbie retreats again, this time to a corner of the room, across the bed from Victor. In a panic, she rummages through her purse and finds the switchblade she carries for self-defense. She pulls it out, waves it at him, and warns him to stay away.

Criminal Profiling

February 19, 2019August 1, 2017 by admin

Criminal Profiling: The Original Mind Hunters

The FBI formed its Behavioral Science Unit in 1974 to study serial predators. Since then, the art and craft of criminal profiling have become the subject of numerous books, TV shows and iconic films such as The Silence of the Lambs.

Continuing the trend, the Netflix series Mindhunter explores the early efforts of the FBI to understand and profile serial killers. Mindhunter is based in part on the writings of best-selling author Mark Olshaker and legendary FBI profiler John Douglas.

John Douglas is one of several pioneering FBI agents, along with the late Robert Ressler and Roy Hazelwood, who essentially invented computer-based, modern-day criminal profiling in the 1980s.

What exactly is profiling?

Profiling, or criminal investigative analysis, as it is called by the FBI, involves the investigation of a crime with the hope of identifying the responsible party, based on crime scene analysis, investigative psychology and behavioral science.

Additional Reading... Criminal Profiling: The Original Mind Hunters

Intimate Partner Stalking and Femicide: Urgent Implications for Women’s Safety

February 14, 2019August 1, 2017 by admin

INTRODUCTION

Stalking, as defined in the National Violence Against Women (NVAW) Survey, includes repeated (two or more) occasions of visual or physical proximity, nonconsensual communication, or verbal, written or implied threats that would cause fear in a reasonable person (Tjaden & Thoennes, 1998, 2000). Using this definition, the results of the NVAW telephone survey of 8000 U.S. women and 8000 U.S. men found 1% of the women and 0.4% of the men reported being stalked during the preceding 12 months. Eight per cent of these same women and 2% of the men reported life-long prevalence of stalking (Tjaden & Thoennes, 1998, 2000). The NVAW survey confirmed that most female victims know the stalker; strangers stalked only 23% of female victims. Overall, 62% of female victims were stalked by a current or former intimate partner, with 38% of the women reporting stalking by current or former husbands, 10% by current or former cohabiting partners, and 14% by current or former dates or boyfriends. Acquaintances

Become a Problem Solving Crime Analyst

February 14, 2019August 1, 2017 by admin

Forward

You who read this manual are more important than perhaps you think. Crime analysts are not well-known to the general public. You don’t star in peak-time TV series or big-screen movies as do behavioural profilers or forensic scientists. Even some of your colleagues in the police aren’t sure what you’re about. But you are the new face of policing. For years the police have contented themselves with chasing individual crimes after they have taken place. Crimes have been regarded as episodes to be detected, and if they result in a conviction the case is thought to be ‘solved’. This is manifestly mad. So mad, in fact, it is astonishing that society hasn’t rumbled it, complained very loudly and demanded a smarter approach. Running after crooks relentlessly is too late, like catching the horse (if you’re lucky) after it has bolted for the hundredth time rather than learning how to lock the stable door. It is as though when aircraft

Crime Scene Profiling

February 14, 2019August 1, 2017 by admin

Descriptions of crime scenes are sobering and often agonizing, but the crime scene like the one described above is atypical. Sexual murders are very rare, constituting from 1 to 3% of all homicides (Alison, West, & Goodwill, 2004), and homicides themselves are rare compared with other crimes. Nevertheless, we open with the above description from an actual case because it relates to concepts that will be discussed throughout the chapter. Steven Fortin was charged with the 1994 murder of Melissa Padilla. At the time of the charges, Fortin was serving a 20-year sentence for the aggravated sexual assault of a Maine state trooper, which occurred 8 months after the Padilla murder in New Jersey. Some of the details of the two crimes were similar. The Maine trooper who survived the crime was sexually assaulted and bitten, and her uniform pants were found with her underwear still inside them. Prosecutors in the New Jersey case wanted to introduce the expert testimony of a former special agent

A Proposed FBIAddition to the FBI Criminal Classification Manual:

December 29, 2018August 1, 2017 by admin

Abstract

Behavioral data were located from 27 homicide cases in which fraud, a white-collar crime, occurred either prior to or contemporaneously with each homicide. The homicide cases in this study were classified as fraud-detection homicides because either white-collar criminals themselves, or assassins they hired, killed the individuals suspected of detecting their fraud. The white-collar criminals who committed murder were sub-classified as red-collar criminals. Both the descriptive homicide data and the literature review lend support to three overriding impressions: red-collar criminals harbor the requisite mens rea, or state of mind, to physically harm someone that may have detected, or is on the verge of detecting, their fraudulent behavior; the victim of a red-collar crime does not have to be someone who profiteered, aided, or abetted in the fraud; and red-collar criminals have a history of antisocial and psychopathic tendencies. Given these conclusions, advocacy for consideration of forensic accountants and fraud examiners as members of homicide investigation teams to assist in the development of a...