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Men Create the Demand; Women Are the Supply

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Control and Abuse of Women and Girls’ Sexuality

The control and abuse of women and girls’ sexuality creates and maintains women’s oppression all over the world. Men hold the important decision making positions in all social, political and religious institutions that organize and control society. Through this institutional power, men construct culture, pass laws, and enact policies that serve their interests and give themselves the power to control women and children in public and private spheres. Men’s definition and control of female sexuality constructs and regulates women and girls’ sexual activity. Voluntary, as well as involuntary, violations of society’s man-made rules mark women as tainted and immoral, and bring dishonor to the family. Repression and Exploitation--Complementary Forms of Control and Abuse Repression and exploitation are different, but complementary, forms of control and abuse of female sexuality. Women and girls’ sexuality is repressed by strict control on sexual activity through such customs as female genital mutilation,

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Lineup Construction and Lineup Fairness

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1. Introduction.

Police lineups come from English criminal law and procedure. According to Devlin (1976), lineups were instituted through a Middlesex magistrate’s order in the mid 19th century. They were intended as a ‘fair’ replacement for the practices of courtroom identification, and showups, which were widely used in 19th century England, but widely recognized as potentially unfair to the defendant. Their origin indicates that the notion of ‘fairness’ is their raisond’etre. They are intended to secure an identification that can potentially incriminate someone, but also is fair to those who are subjected to it, particularly those who are innocent of the crime. Study of the case law in many countries, as well as recent DNA-based exonerations in the U.S., indicates that lineups are not invariably fair – many innocent people are convicted after identification from a lineup by an eyewitness. The problem is significant because eyewitness evidence is cited as the most significant source of wrongful...

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Therapeutic Forgetting: The Legal and Ethical Implications of Memory Dampening

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INTRODUCTION

Suppose we could erase memories we no longer wish to keep. In such a world, the victim of a terrifying assault could wipe away memories of the incident and be free of the nightmares that such memories often cause. Some memories, however, even quite unpleasant ones, are extremely valuable to society and ought not be eliminated without due consideration. An assault victim who hastily erases memory of a crime may thereby impede the investigation and prosecution of the perpetrator. In a world with memory erasure, our individual interest in controlling our memories may conflict with society’s interest in maintaining access to those memories.1 While true memory erasure is still the domain of science fiction,2 less dramatic means of dampening the strength of a memory may have already been developed. Some experiments suggest that propranolol, an FDA-approved drug, can dull the emotional...

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Histamine and Antihistamines

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Abstract

Histamine is one of the most extensively studied biological amines in medicine. It stimulates smooth muscle contraction and gastric acid secretion, increases vascular permeability, functions as a neurotransmitter, and plays various roles in immunomodulation, allergy, inflammation, haematopoiesis and cell proliferation. Histamine exerts its effects through four receptors, designated H1–H4. H1 and H2 receptors are widely distributed, H3 receptors are mainly presynaptic, and H4 receptors are mainly haematopoietic. H1 antihistamines are classified as first- and second-generation compounds. First-generation compounds lack specificity and cross the blood–brain barrier causing sedation. Second-generation compounds are less sedating and highly specific. H1 antihistamines have well-documented anti-allergic and anti-inflammatory effects and are well established in the treatment of a variety of allergic disorders. First-generation antihistamines are also used in the treatment of vestibular disorders and can be used as sedatives, sleeping aids and anti-emetics. H2 antihistamines are widely used in the treatment of gastric acid-related disorders;...

See Also: Histamine and Antihistamines

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LIBERTY TRANSPORT, INC., Plaintiff and Respondent, v. HARRY W. GORST COMPANY, INC., and Insurance Companies, Defendants and Appellants.

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Insured brought action against insurers and broker to recover for unfair settlement practices, breach of implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing, breach of fiduciary duty, and fraud in connection with denial of claim for loss of truck trailer which disappeared along with insured's driver. The Superior Court, Los Angeles County, No. C541632, Macklin Fleming, J., entered judgment on jury verdict in favor of insured. Insurers and broker appealed. The Court of Appeal, Johnson, J., held that: (1) cause of action against insurers for unfair settlement practices is “liability created by statute” within meaning of three-year statute of limitations for action upon liability created by statute; (2) evidence supported conclusion that insurers and broker unreasonably and unjustifiably delayed communicating denial of claim; and (3) award of punitive damages was permissible. Complaint against insurers and broker did not relate back to the filing of original complaint against different insurers and broker and...

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The Knife Crime Phenomenon – A Psychological Perspective On Youth Knife Culture

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Vivid stories of young people stabbing each other and of pupils bringing knives into school have attracted the attention of the media and of central policy makers in the recent past. Statistics released by hospital emergency rooms suggest that ‘youth knife crime’ reflects more than just a media phenomenon or a political catch phrase. The number of hospital stabbing admissions where the victims are under 18 years of age has doubled in the past five years [1]. In response to such figures a variety of measures have been initiated, aimed at tackling the emerging ‘knife crime’ and ‘knife culture’, seemingly without first acquiring a comprehensive understanding of the phenomenon. Such measures include the introduction of metal detectors in schools, frequent ‘Stop and Search’ actions, and longer maximum sentences for possessing a bladed instrument (i.e. knife). This briefing has been prompted by the belief that Psychology (in particular its specialist areas of developmental, clinical,...

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False Memories, Psychology of

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A false memory is a mental experience that is mistakenly taken to be a veridical representation of an event from one’s personal past. Memories can be false in relatively minor ways (e.g., believing one last saw the keys in the kitchen when they were in the living room) and in major ways that have profound implications for oneself and others (e.g., mistakenly believing one is the originator of an idea or that one was sexually abused as a child). False memories arise from the same processes as do true memories and hence their study reveals basic mechanisms of memory.

This article describes empirical research investigating false memories and a theoretical approach—the source monitoring framework—for integrating the findings and guiding further investigation.

1. Selected Early Research Psychologists have long been interested in memory distortions. A classic example from the 1930s is Bartlett’s report of studies in which he told people a folk tale from an unfamiliar...

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Determination of Postmortem Interval from Old Skeletal Remains by Image Analysis of Luminol Test Results*

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ABSTRACT:

The luminol test is routinely used in forensic serology to locate blood traces and identify blood stains not visible to the naked eye; its sensitivity is reported as ranging from 1:100.000 to 1:5.000.000. To evaluate the possibility of correlating the postmortem interval with blood remnants in bone tissue, the luminol test was performed on 80 femurs with a known time of death, grouped in five classes. Powdered bone (30 mg) was recovered from compact tissue of the mid-shaft of each femur and was treated with 0.1 mL of Luminol solution (Sirchie Finger Print Laboratories, Inc.). The reactions were observed in a dark room and filmed by a TV camera equipped with a recording tape. An intense chemiluminescence was observed after a few seconds in all 20 femurs with a PMI ranging from 1 month to 3 years. On the 20 femurs with a PMI ranging...

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Collection, Preservation And Forwarding Of Biolgical Samples For Toxicological Analysis In Medicolegal Autopsy Cases : A Review

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Abstract

Collection of proper autopsy specimen is an essential step in the process of toxicology case work.Improper collection of these specimens can greatly alter or negate chemical and toxicological analysis. This article is an update about the standard methods of biological specimen collection procedures for toxicological analysis which will be helpful for the forensic pathologist and forensic scientists.

Introduction

In handling the Medicolegal autopsy cases, certain standard guidelines are necessary to be laid down to assist in the selection of appropriate specimens of the body fluids and tissue for postmortem biochemical and toxicological analysis.After death there is a rapid change in the cellular level biochemistry due to autolysis. The drugs and other poisons may be released from the binding sites in tissues and major organs.

The unabsorbed drug may diffuse from stomach, care should be taken in selection of blood and tissue sampling sites. Many a times the autopsy is conducted before all the...

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Patients Memories Of Events During General Anaesthesia

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Abstract

Awareness remains a serious complication of general anaesthesia with potential adverse psychological sequelae. Even during seemingly adequate general anaesthesia, implicit memory may be retained along with the ability to subconsciously process auditory stimuli. As a result behaviour may be modified and postoperative progress influenced. We shall discuss the structure of memory and the effects of increasing doses of general anaesthesia on cognitive processes. In addition methods of assessing the depth of anaesthesia will be reviewed...

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45 Cal.4th 467 Supreme Court Of California Episcopal Church Cases

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Synopsis

Background: Bishop of diocese and member of local parish church that voted against disaffiliation filed lawsuit against rector and members of board of church that disaffiliated, to recover church property. National church successfully sought leave to intervene and filed its own complaint in intervention. The Superior Court, Orange County, JCCP No. 4392, David C. Velasquez, J., granted defendants' anti-strategic lawsuit against public participation (SLAPP) motion to strike and demurrer to complaint in intervention. Appeals were taken and consolidated. The Court of Appeal reversed. The Supreme Court granted review, superseding the opinion of the Court of Appeal.orest Service (USFS) [4] a general church can create a trust interest for itself in local church property by issuing a rule declaring that such a trust exists, if its governing instruments so provide, disapproving California–Nevada Annual Conf. of the United Methodist Church v. St. Luke's United Methodist Church, 121 Cal.App.4th 754, 17 Cal.Rptr.3d 442;...

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The Law Of Succession: Death Testate Or Intestate

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Holographic Will (Hower 91)

As noted in the text, California does recognize the validity of holographic wills. Prob 6111. To be valid, a holographic will must be signed by the testator and the will’s material provisions must be in the handwriting of the testator, and such a document will constitute a valid holographic will whether it has been witnessed or not. Prob 6111(a). In addition, the entire will need not be in the testator’s handwriting; statements of testamentary intent in holographic wills may be made either in the testator’s handwriting or as part of a commercially printed form will. Prob 6111(c). A holographic will may be proved in the same manner as any other writing (Prob 8222) including through the use of extrinsic evidence (Prob 6111.5). A holographic will need not be dated to be valid; however, if not dated and the provisions of the holographic will are inconsistent with the provisions of another will,...

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Her Last Words: Dying Declarations and Modern Confrontation Jurisprudence

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Dying declarations have taken on increased importance since the Supreme Court indicated that even if testimonial, they may present a unique exception to its new confrontation jurisprudence. Starting with Crawford v. Washington in 2004, the Court has developed strict rules concerning the use of testimonial statements made by unavailable declarants. Generally, testimonial statements (those made with the expectation that they will be used to prosecute the accused) may be admitted only if they were previously subject to cross-examination. The only exceptions appear to be dying declarations and forfeiture by wrongdoing when the accused intentionally rendered the declarant unavailable. This Article argues that the dying declaration merits examination for two important reasons. First, its status as an exception to the Court's new confrontation rules seriously undermines the Court's dramatic new interpretation of the Confrontation Clause and demonstrates the internal contradictions of the Court's originalist approach. Second, the...

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Modelling Cranial Gunshot Wounds And Backspatter

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Abstract

Bloodspatter from gunshot wounds may be divided into two categories; forward spatter and backspatter. Forward spatter is ejected from the exit wound and travels in the same direction as the bullet. Backspatter on the other hand is ejected from the entrance wound and travels against the line of fire, back towards the shooter. This means it is commonly deposited on the hand of the shooter or the firearm, making it a critical piece of evidence when determining the manner of death. Despite this fact, research in this area is limited and no realistic synthetic model for studying backspatter has been documented in the literature. This project was initiated in response to this, in an attempt to create a realistic cranial model that could produce backspatter from a gunshot wound. A pig head model was developed, as it could be validated unlike a human model. This model consisted of synthetic skin, soft tissue...

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Memory For Murder A Psychological Perspective On Dissociative Amnesia In Legal Contexts

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Mental health professionals and legal decision-makers often hear reports of memory impairment from both perpetrators of extreme violence such as homicide (e.g., Kopelman, 1995; Roesch & Golding, 1986; Schacter, 1986a), and from complainants and eyewitnesses (e.g., Loftus, 1993). Adult complainants, for example, have testified about their recovery of repressed memories for a violent incident(s) following a lengthy period of amnesia (e.g., Loftus, 1997; Porter, Yuille, & Lehman, 1999). Although these two types of cases differ in the timing of the memory loss (current vs. historical), both require a consideration of the validity of dissociative amnesia. Dissociative amnesia refers to amnesia for a traumatic (and, in this context, criminal) experience which has a psychological origin. Whereas dissociative amnesia refers to a process of forgetting following a traumatic experience, a dissociative state refers to an altered state of consciousness occurring during a traumatic experience. Dissociation is the more general term referring to the separation..

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Dyadic Deaths (Homicide- Suicide): Three Case Reports

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Abstract:

Homicide suicide (dyadic) deaths though rare, have got important social impact. Here, three cases of dyadic deaths with perpetrator as husband in two cases and boy friend in one case are reported. In one of the case, victim was daughter along with wife. Suicide note by perpetrator was found in two cases. Factors like profile of perpetrator and relationship between perpetrator and victim, circumstances of killing, method of killing, site of offence, are important in such cases and various studies and case reports are based on these factors. In two cases, financial burden and in one case jealousy was the reason for killing.

Introduction:

Dyadic deaths (homicide – suicide) is defined as a dramatic violent event in which an individual kills another and subsequently commits suicide immediately or after certain period of time that may range from hours to 1 week. There is however no standardized operational definition... .

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