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Month: August 2017

Variations In Risk Taking Behavior Over The Menstrual Cycle An Improved Replication

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Abstract

Evidence that women are less likely to be raped near ovulation than at other times in the ovarian cycle may reflect behavioral adaptations against the risk of fertile insemination by rapists. Chavanne and Gallup [Evol. Hum. Behav. 19 (1998) 27] proposed that women selectively reduce behaviors that expose them to a risk of rape during the ovulatory phase of their menstrual cycle, and reported supportive evidence. However, their study suffered from certain methodological shortcomings. In an improved test involving 51 subjects, repeated measurement, and an explicit distinction between risky and nonrisky activities, we confirmed all predictions: During the ovulatory phase, naturally cycling women reduced risky behaviors and increased nonrisky ones. Women using contraceptives causing hormonal suppression of ovulation showed neither effect.

1. Introduction

Forced copulation is taxonomically widespread, and in many cases it clearly represents an evolved reproductive tactic (Cox & Le Boeuf, 1977; Gowaty & Buschhaus, 1998; Smuts & Smuts, 1993; Thornhill, 1980; Thornhill & Thornhill, 1987).

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California Law Review | Marriage Fraud

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INTRODUCTION

In the last two decades, marriage has emerged as an enormously important topic of legal scholarship, not just in the area of traditional family law, but also in constitutional, tax, immigration, social security, welfares and criminal law. The marriage equality movement and its attendant legal questions of whether same-sex couples can be integrated successfully into marriage as we know it animates much of this scholarly interest. The scholarship on marriage has been remarkably polarizing in its definitions of and assessments of marriage as an institution. Much of the scholarship either advocates for the abolition of marriage altogether or for the replacement of marriage with domestic partnerships or civil unions for all. On the other side of the debate are conservatives who wish to retain marriage but limit it to heterosexual couples and expansionists who also want to retain marriage but open it up to gays and lesbians.' The most common compromise position suggests retaining marriage but also making a registry or domestic

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Critical Incidence Response Group FBI Acadamy – Sexual Homicide

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The Critical Incident Response Group (CIRG) is a division of the Criminal, Cyber, Response, and Services Branch of the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation. CIRG enables the FBI to rapidly respond to, and effectively manage, special crisis incidents in the United States.

History

In response to public outcry over the standoffs at Ruby Ridge, Idaho, and of the Branch Davidians in the Waco Siege, the FBI formed the CIRG in 1994 to deal more efficiently with crisis situations. The CIRG is designated to formulate strategies, manage hostage or siege situations, and, if humanly possible, resolve them "without loss of life," as FBI Director Louis Freeh, who assumed the post four-and-a-half months after the Waco fire, pledged in a 1995 Senate hearing.

CIRG was intended to integrate tactical and investigative resources and expertise for critical incidents which necessitate an immediate response from law enforcement authorities. CIRG will deploy investigative specialists to respond to terrorist activities, hostage takings, child abductions and other

Additional Resource: Audit of the Federal Bureau of Investigation Critical Incident Response Group Tactical Section Procurements (59 downloads )

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Fundamentals of Probability and Statistical Evidence in Criminal Proceedings

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Introduction to Communicating and Interpreting Statistical Evidence in the Administration of Criminal Justice

0.1 Context, Motivation and Objectives

Statistical evidence and probabilistic reasoning today play an important and expanding role in criminal investigations, prosecutions and trials, not least in relation to forensic scientific evidence (including DNA) produced by expert witnesses. It is vital that everybody involved in criminal adjudication is able to comprehend and deal with probability and statistics appropriately. There is a long history and ample recent experience of misunderstandings relating to statistical information and probabilities which have contributed towards serious miscarriages of justice.

0.2 English and Scottish criminal adjudication is strongly wedded to the principle of lay factfinding by juries and magistrates employing their ordinary common sense reasoning. Notwithstanding the unquestionable merits of lay involvement in criminal trials, it cannot be assumed that jurors or lay magistrates will have been equipped by their general education to cope with the forensic demands of statistics or probabilistic reasoning.

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Sex, Lies, and Strategic Interference: The Psychology of Deception Between the Sexes

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The desires of one sex can lead to deceptive exploitation by the other sex. Strategic Interference Theory proposes that certain “negative” emotions evolved or have been co-opted by selection, in part, to defend against deception and reduce its negative consequences. In Study 1 (N = 217) Americans reported emotional distress in response to specific forms of deception. Study 2 (N = 200) replicated the results in a German sample. Study 3 (N = 479) assessed Americans’ past experiences with deception and conducted additional hypothesis tests using a procedure to control for overall sex differences in upset. Each study supported the hypothesis that emotions track sex-linked forms of strategic interference. Three clusters of sex differences proved robust across studies emotional upset about resource deception, commitment deception, and sexual deception. We discuss implications for theories of mating and emotion and directions for research based on models of antagonistic coevolution between the sexes

Cooperation between a man and a woman is virtually a...

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An Evolutionary Psychological Perspective On Homicide

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Spend some time perusing an archive of homicide cases and you are likely to find that certain conflict typologies, characteristic of particular victim-killer relationship categories are common. Barroom interactions among unrelated men became heated contests concerning dominance, deference, and face, and escalated to lethality. Women seeking to exercise autonomy were slain by proprietary ex-partners. Thieves killed victims they feared might cause them trouble later. Children were fatally assaulted by angry caretakers. How are we to understand why certain recurring types of conflicts of interest engender passions that are sometimes so intense as to motivate these prototypical sorts of homicides? A satisfactory answer to this question seems to require an understanding of what interpersonal conflicts of interest are fundamentally about, and such an understanding must itself be predicated on a basic theory of the sources and substance of individual self-interests. Fortunately, scientists have been developing, testing, and refining the requisite body of theory for decades, with the result that it is now...

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Cadaver Decomposition in Terrestrial Ecosystems

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Abstract

A dead mammal (i.e. cadaver) is a high quality resource (narrow carbon:nitrogen ratio, high water content) that releases an intense, localized pulse of carbon and nutrients into the soil upon decomposition. Despite the fact that as much as 5,000 kg of cadaver can be introduced to a square kilometer of terrestrial ecosystem each year, cadaver decomposition remains a neglected microsere. Here we review the processes associated with the introduction of cadaver-derived carbon and nutrients into soil from forensic and ecological settings to show that cadaver decomposition can have a greater, albeit localized, effect on below-ground ecology than plant and fecal resources. Cadaveric materials are rapidly introduced to below-ground floral and faunal communities, which results in the formation of a highly concentrated island of fertility, or cadaver decomposition island (CDI). CDIs are associated with increased soil microbial biomass, microbial activity (C mineralization) and nematode abundance. Each CDI is an ephemeral natural disturbance that, in addition to releasing energy and nutrients to the

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Blood Loss in Trauma

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SPECIAL FEATURES OF TRAUMATIC BLEEDING

Multiple sources of bleeding

Blood loss in trauma commonly presents clinical features differing markedly from those seen in experimental bleeding and those arising in the course of disease. Severe traumatic oligaemia rarely arises from one area of bleeding as it does in, say, haematemesis or experimental work. In most cases multiple foci of haemorrhage in soft tissues or into body cavities exist, many of them not amenable to surgical haemostasis; this feature greatly alters the clinical picture and increases the difficulty of assessment of blood loss. Difficulties of diagnosis in trauma are frequently caused by the obscuration of signs of one injury by those of another (particularly in cranial or thoracic trauma) and by the development of complications, such as fat embolism or tension pneumothorax, in the course of resuscitation.

Progressive nature of bleeding

Bleeding into the tissues, other than that which can be staunched operatively, frequently continues for at least 24 hours after injury and the

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True and False Personality

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(The Theosophist, March 1880) The title prefixed to the following observations may well have suggested a more metaphysical treatment of the subject than can be attempted on the present occasion. The doctrine of the trinity, or trichotomy of man, which distinguishes soul from spirit, comes to us with such octrine venerable, and even sacred authority that we may well be content, for the moment, with confirmations that should. be intelligible to all, forbearing the abstruser questions which have divided minds of the highest philosophical capacity. We will not now inquire whether the difference is one of tates or of entities; whether the phenomenal or mind consciousness is merely the external condition of one indivisible Ego, or has its origin and nature in an altogether different principle; the Spirit, or immortal part of us being of Divine birth, while the senses and understanding, with the consciousness Ahankara thereto appertaining, are from an Anima Mundi, or what in the Sankhya philosophy is called Prakriti.

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Sudden Accidental Death

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This article will touch on a few of the problems we encounter in traumatic grief experienced from the sudden accidental death of a child: shock, guilt, unfinished business, lack of closure, negative attitudes or obstacles to recover, and anger. I don’t pretend to have any concrete answers for you, but hopefully, a few insights on how to cope with grief. We all grieve differently. What works for one may not work for another. We don’t want to make judgments on which kind of grief is more difficult, but sudden death is recognized as one of the most difficult to recover from because of the tremendous shock involved. It will be longer, lonelier, and more hazardous to your lasting emotional stability than if you had been able to anticipate the loss and to communicate with your child before death. One of the large differences between sudden accidental death and death by long-term illness or anticipatory death is the shock involved. It is the primary

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Sex Murder and the Potential Sex Murderer

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Problems Encountered in the Study of Sexual Murder

• No generally agreed-upon definition
• Many seemingly sexual murders are not really sexually motivated
• Many sexual murders are not overtly sexual
• Distinction between a sexual homicide and a homicide associated with sexual behavior is often blurred
• No national crime statistics exist
• Practical impediments such as incomplete and inaccurate background histories, low base rate, lack of interdisciplinary cooperation, and not being labeled institutionally are common.

Four Types of Sexual Murder

• Outgrowth of sexual conflicts (catathymic)
• Fusion of sex and aggression (compulsive)
• Murder to cover up sex crime
• Sex-related homicide

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Routine Activity Theory

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ROUTINE ACTIVITY THEORY.

Developed by Lawrence Cohen and Marcus Felson during the late 1970s, routine activity theory is a criminological theory frequently used to explain crime and victimization. Routine activity theory is actually an outgrowth of another criminological theory rational choice. Rational choice theory assumes that the offender chooses to commit criminal activity based upon free-will. In other words, the offender uses a strategic thinking process to evaluate the risks, including the type of offense committed, the selection of the victim, and the chances of apprehension. If the rewards of committing the crime outweigh the consequences of apprehension, the offender will likely commit the criminal act. According to Cohen and Felson, crime and victimization is based upon three criteria: (1) a suitable target, (2) an absence of capable guardians, and (3) a motivated offender. Each of these variables will be explained as they relate to the victims actions and prevention strategies. A suitable target can be a person or object. Offenders select their targets

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Sexual Boundary Issues and Violations

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SEXUAL BOUNDARY VIOLATIONS

All major professional organizations decry sexual activity with patients. Many also include past patients. Several states have laws making such behaviors specific causes of action for lawsuits, or even crimes. The prohibitions often seem clear, but may not define “sexual activity” very well. In addition, statutes and ethical guidelines may not differentiate 1) brief behaviors from lasting, calculated, and/or predatory ones; 2) recent behavior from that which occurred decades ago; or 3) intense therapeutic relationships from one-time consultations. Nevertheless, rigid requirements and interpretations are facts of life. Clinicians should be highly aware of the rules in their profession and locale, and how their behavior may appear to a sometimes accusing or suspicious public. An older clinician with an excellent reputation had a brief affair with a patient early in his career. He quickly felt remorse and took all the professional steps believed appropriate by his profession at the time of the transgression (e.g., took responsibility for his behavior,

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A Comparative Analysis Of News Reports And Official Police Records On TASER Deployment

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Abstract

Purpose This paper sets out to encompass a comparative analysis of news reports and official police records of TASER deployments from 2002 to 2005.
Design/methodology/approach The methodology involves a content analysis of all LexisNexis and New York Times articles involving police use of the TASER during the study period (n = 353). Regional (New York Times) and national (LexisNexis) news reports describing police use of the TASER are compared with police reports of all TASER deployments by the New York City Police Department (NYPD) during the same timeframe (n = 375).
Findings Descriptive statistics and logistic regression are used to compare the data sources with respect to: the circumstances in which the weapon is deployed; the characteristics of the suspects involved in the TASER incidents; and the significant predictors of continued suspect resistance and repeated use of the TASER by an officer.
Research limitations/implications The paper examines official police records on TASER deployments from one police agency.

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The Impact Of Gruesome Evidence On Mock Juror Decision Making: The Role Of Evidence Characteristics And Emotional Response

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Abstract

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of gruesome evidence on mock jurors’ decisions in a simulated capital trial. The first experiment was designed as a replication and extension of Douglas, Lyon, and Ogloff (1997), who found that mock jurors who were presented with gruesome photographic evidence were nearly twice as likely to convict the defendant than participants who did not see the gruesome evidence. In Experiment 1, gruesome evidence was manipulated in two ways: photographic evidence (low gruesome, highly gruesome, or control photographs) and verbal testimony (low gruesome vs. highly gruesome). Neither photographic evidence nor testimony had an effect on mock jurors verdicts or sentence decisions. However, the manipulation check failed to indicate that participants perceived the evidence differently in terms of gruesomeness. Experiment 2 was designed to address whether inducing specific emotions in participants would produce similar biasing effects on their decisions as gruesome evidence. Previous research has eluded to emotional arousal as a potential mediator of

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Clandestine Meth Labs

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According to NLECTC staff, course content should cover dangers that could be found in a lab and signs to look for such as lithium strips taken from batteries, kerosene and pseudoephedrine. Emphasize the importance of wearing proper equipment, especially respirators, and ways to handle possibly contaminated individuals. So-called “shake and bake” meth presents special dangers because the plastic containers are designed to hold beverages, not combustible chemicals.

Additional Resources: An Introduction to Clandestine Meth Labs (1701 downloads )

Burned 'Shake-and-Bake' Meth Makers Cost Taxpayers Millions

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