Quaaludes

What are Quaaludes?

Quaaludes (methaqualone) are a synthetic, barbiturate-like, central nervous system depressant. Methaqualone is an anxiolytic and a sedative-hypnotic drug. Quaaludes were introduced as a safe barbiturate substitute, but they later showed that the possibility of addiction and withdrawal symptoms were similar to those of barbiturates.

History of Quaaludes

Quaaludes were first synthesized in India in 1950's. It was introduced into America in the 1960's and by the late 1960's it became a popular recreational drug. The abuse potential of Quaaludes soon became apparent and in 1973 methaqualone was placed in Schedule II, making it difficult to prescribe and illegal to possess without a prescription. In 1984 it was moved to Federal Schedule I, so Quaaludes are no longer legally available in the United States.

Quaaludes that are sold for recreational use now are synthesized in illegal laboratories. Illegally produced Quaaludes can contain other central nervous system depressants such as benzodiazepines...

Read More!

Zero-Sum Game

What is a 'Zero-Sum Game

Zero-sum is a situation in game theory in which one person’s gain is equivalent to another’s loss, so the net change in wealth or benefit is zero. A zero-sum game may have as few as two players, or millions of participants.

Zero-sum games are found in game theory, but are less common than non-zero sum games. Poker and gambling are popular examples of zero-sum games since the sum of the amounts won by some players equals the combined losses of the others. Games like chess and tennis, where there is one winner and one loser, are also zero-sum games. In the financial markets, options and futures are examples of zero-sum games, excluding transaction costs. For every person who gains on a contract, there is a counter-party who loses.

Read More!

Retroperitoneal Injuries: Pitfalls In Diagnosis And Management

Abstract

Retroperitoneal injury caused by penetrating trauma or associated with progressive shock following blunt trauma is usually recognized promptly and managed appropriately. Isolated retroperitoneal injury from blunt trauma, unless accompanied by major hemorrhage or gross hematuria, is often difficult to diagnose and needed treatment may be delayed. Although clinical examination remains the cornerstone of diagnosis, the high incidence of ethanol abuse and/or concurrent head injury in trauma patients has led to increased use of computed tomography in the diagnosis of abdominal trauma. To determine the effect, if any, of CT examination on the diagnosis and management of retroperitoneal trauma, we reviewed our patient experience. During the 16-month period ending in April 1986, 135 patients sustained 177 retroperitoneal injuries (116 by blunt and 19 by penetrating trauma). There were 26 deaths (19% mortality). There were 90 pelvic fractures and 31 lumbar spine There were 90 pelvic fractures and 31 lumbar spine fractures, as

Read More!

Hypnosis in Interrogation

HYPNOSIS IN INTERROGATION

Edward F. Deshere

The control over a person's behavior ostensibly achieved in hypnosis obviously nominates it for use in the difficult process of interrogation. It is therefore surprising that nobody, as the induction of "Mesmeric trance" has moved from halls of magic into clinics and laboratories, seems to have used it in this way. A search of the professional literature shows at least that no one has chosen to discuss such a use in print, and a fairly extensive inquiry among hypnosis experts from a variety of countries has not turned up anyone who admits to familiarity with applications of the process to interrogation. There is therefore no experimental evidence that can be cited, but it should be possible to reach tentative conclusions about its effectiveness in this field on the basis of theoretical considerations.

The Nature of Hypnosis Experimental analysis has gradually given us a better understanding of hypnosis...

Read More!

Assessing Risk Factors for Intimate Partner Homicide

A team of researchers studied the Danger Assessment and found that despite cer- tain limitations, the tool can with some reliability identify women who may be at risk of being killed by their intimate partners. The study found that women who score 8 or higher on the Danger Assessment are at very grave risk (the average score for women who were murdered was just under 8). Women who score 4 or higher are at great risk (the average score for abused women was just over 3). The findings indicate that the Danger Assessment tool can assist in assessing battered women who may be at risk of being killed as well as those who are not. The study also found that almost half the murdered women studied did not recognize the high level of their risk. Thus, a tool like the Danger Assessment or another risk assessment process may...

Read More!

Infidelity and Incriminating E-mails

First, let me say that I think the job of a psychiatrist is to be helpful. I want my patients to do well, in a way not dissimilar, I think, from the way someone might feel towards a brother. I am anxious that my patients not get into trouble. I will not, of course, facilitate behavior that I think is frankly illegal or plainly likely to hurt other people; but I try not to sit in judgment. Sometimes, I find myself trying to rescue my patients from the consequences of behavior that I do not necessarily condone. Infidelity falls into this category.

Infidelity causes pain and trouble in a marriage, but to a varying degree. There is an effect, for example, on the unfaithful person, himself/herself, who is thrust into a pattern of lying and deceit which undermines self-respect. There are numerous other effects on other members of the family and, for...

Read More!

Wounding Patterns And Human Performance In Knife Attacks: Optimising The Protection Provided By Knife-resistant Body Armour.

Abstract

BACKGROUND:

Stab attacks generate high loads, y to defeat them, armour needs to be of a certain thickness and stiffness. Slash attacks produce much lower loads and armour designed to defeat them can be far lighter and more flexible.

METHODS AND SUBJECTS:

Phase 1: Human performance in slash attacks: 87 randomly selected students at the Royal Military College of Science were asked to make one slash attack with an instrumented blade on a vertically mounted target. No instructions on how to slash the target were given. The direction, contact forces and velocity of each attack were recorded. Phase 2: Clinical experience with edged weapon attacks: The location and severity of all penetrating injuries in patients attending the Glasgow Royal Infirmary between 1993 and 1996 were charted on anatomical figures.

REQUEST:

Phase 1: Two types of human slash behaviour were evident: a 'chop and drag' blow and a 'sweep motion' type of attack. ...

Read More!

Forensic Autopsy of Blunt Force Trauma

Overview

Deaths resulting from blunt force trauma are some of the most common cases encountered by the practicing forensic pathologist. Whereas other forms of traumatic death (eg, gunshot wounds, sharp force injuries) occur under a relatively limited number of circumstances, deaths resulting from blunt force trauma occur in a variety of scenarios. For instance, almost all transportation fatalities — including those involving motor vehicle collisions, pedestrians being struck by vehicles, airplane crashes, and boating incidents — result from blunt force trauma. Other deaths resulting from blunt force trauma involve jumping or falling from heights, blast injuries, and being struck by a firm object, such as a fist, crowbar, bat, or ball. Bite wounds and chop injuries may be considered variants of blunt force trauma, sharp force trauma, or a class of injuries untothemselves.

Blunt force trauma is routinely involved in cases classified as accidents, as well as in...

Read More!

Comparison Of Wound Patterns In Homicide By Sharp And Blunt Force.

Abstract

A comparison of patterns of injuries between sharp force and blunt force homicide was performed. Male predominance was seen in both types of homicides. Most of the victims of sharp force were between 21 and 40 years and those of blunt force between 31 and 40 years. There was no difference in the incidence of victims below 20 years age, but blunt force was almost five times more than sharp force in victims of age above 60 years. Thorax was the commonest site to be involved in sharp force in contrast to head in blunt force. Hand and forearm were the commonest sites of defence injuries in sharp and blunt force homicides, respectively. The majority of the blunt force victims had lesions in only one region in contrast to involvement of 2-4 regions in sharp force. The majority of the victims were killed by..

Read More!

Running Amok

Running amok, sometimes referred to as simply amok or gone amok,[1] also spelled amuk, from the Malay language,[2] is "an episode of sudden mass assault against people or 6 usually by a single individual following a period of brooding that has traditionally been regarded as

occurring especially in Malay culture but is now increasingly viewed as psychopathological behavior".[3] The syndrome of "Amok" is found in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV TR).[4] The phrase is often used in a less serious manner when describing something that is wildly out of control or causing a frenzy (e.g., a dog tearing up the living room furniture might be termed as "running amok".)...

Read More!

There are Three Types of One-Shot Stops:: Physiological ,Psychological and Surrender Stops. Knife Fighting Tech.

Some like to carry a knife for self-defense. As with any other weapon, to be useful in a self- defense situation, the knife must be with you, readily available, and be useable under the circumstances. You must have the knife with you and readily available when you are at work, at church, at a birthday party, etc. You must be able to draw the knife while wearing a heavy coat or gloves, and you must be able to hold the knife with wet or cold hands. In a fight, no matter your skill level or the skill level of your opponent, if the opponent has a knife, you will get cut! So be prepared to get cut and to not let a cut interfere with your resolve to win the fight. It has been said, “proximity negates skill” that even a skilled person may be killed in close combat by accident....

Read More!

Social Experiments.

Abstract

Recent concern about social experimentation, program evaluation, impact analysis and related activities can be viewed as a broad social movement. An older tradition of evaluation and social experimentation in medicine that arose from a research and development perspective contrasts with the new, policy-oriented movement toward evaluation research. The independent variables or interventions in policy-oriented studies range from medical treatments to bureaucratic arrangements for service delivery. The boundaries between social experimentation and other forms of applied social research are indefinite. The characteristics, advantages and limitations, and examples of various forms of human experiments are discussed, including small and large scale controlled field trials for health care facilities and medical treatments and policies, and quasi-experiments which attempt to approximate randomized controlled experiments without the use of randomization to establish experimental and control groups.

Read More!

Penetrating Abdominal Trauma

Practice Essentials Penetrating abdominal trauma typically involves the violation of the abdominal cavity by a gunshot wound (see the image below) or stab wound.

Signs and symptoms Signs and symptoms of penetrating uu trauma depends on various factors, including the type of penetrating weapon or object, the range from which the injury occurred, which organs may be injured, and the location and number of wounds.

 Close-range injuries transfer more kinetic energy than those sustained at a distance, although range is often difficult to ascertain when assessing gunshot wounds. A gunshot wound is caused by a missile propelled by combustion of powder. These wounds involve high-energy transfer and, consequently, can involve an unpredictable pattern of injuries. Secondary missiles, such as bullet and bone ragments, can inflict additional damage. Stab wounds are caused by penetration of the abdominal wall by a sharp object. This type of wound generally has a more predictable ..

Read More!

Religion as Schedule-Induced Behavior

In this article, I argue that a class of religious behaviors exists that is induced, for prepared organisms, by specific stimuli that are experienced according to a response-independent schedule. Like other schedule-induced behaviors, the members of this class serve as minimal units out of which functional behavior may arise. In this way, there exist two classes of religious behavior: nonoperant schedule-induced behaviors and operant behaviors. This dichotomy is consistent with the distinction insisted upon by religious scholars and philosophers between “graceful” and “effortful” religious behaviors. Embracing the distinction allows an explanation of many aspects of religious experience and behavior that have been overlooked or disregarded by other scientific approaches to religion.

Behavior analysis differs from evolutionary theory in that the former attempts to explain the behavior of organisms whereas the latter attempts to explain the structural and behavioral characteristics of...

Read More!

The Length Of Interrogation – How Many Hours Are Too Many?

Length of interrogation is one factor to consider in the totality of circumstances

In this case, Moore v. Curtin (November 2010) the defendant claimed that his confession was not voluntarily made because he was subjected to three days of intensive interrogations which drove him to the point of emotional and physical exhaustion, and that he suffers from mental illness, which made him vulnerable to psychological coercion. The US District Court, E.D. Michigan, Southern Division, disagreed, stating:

"The state courts' findings and conclusions are supported by the record. Petitioner was thirty-six years old at the time of his interrogation, and he had earned the equivalent of a high school diploma. He had three prior convictions, and he was advised of his constitutional rights before each interview. He waived his rights according to the undisputed testimony of the officers, and he was not physically punished, nor deprived of food or sleep....

Read More!

Impulsive-Compulsive Sexual Behavior

ABSTRACT

Impulsive-compulsive sexual behavior is a ittle studied clinical phenomenon which affects ~5% to 6% of the population. In the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition-Text Revision, it is classified as an impulse control disorder not otherwise specified or a sexual disorder not otherwise specified. It may be placed in a possible new category in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition called substance and behavioral addictions. This clinical entity is reviewed and the merit of classify- ing it as an addiction is assessed. Information is presented regarding its diagnostic criteria, epidemiology, types of behavior it can involve, relationship to hypersexuality, comorbidities, treatment, and etiology. The data regarding this disorder and its overlap with chemical addiction is limited. If the two disorders are to be grouped together, further data are needed....

Read More!